The invention discloses a magnetic rod-shaped nano-hydroxyapatite material and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises steps of uniformly mixing sodium oleate, ethanol, and oleylamine so as to obtain a mixed solution A, then adding a calcium chloride aqueous solution, reacting for 30 minutes whilestirring so as to obtain a mixed solution B, then adding a phosphate aqueous solution, continuing reacting for 30 minutes while stirring so as to obtain a mixed solution C, transferring the mixed solution C to a sealed reaction kettle, and reacting for 8 hours at 160 DEG C; cooling a reactant to room temperature, separating precipitates through centrifuging, washing to remove organic impurities, and finally vacuum drying to obtain the magnetic rod-shaped nano-hydroxyapatitematerial. The reaction process is mild, the size of the synthesized rod-shaped nano-hydroxyapatite is controlled through amount of doped gadolinium, and the prepared magnetic rod-shaped nano-hydroxyapatite is uniform in size and has high dispersibility. Compared with commercial Gd-DTPA contrast agent, the magnetic rod-shaped nano-hydroxyapatite material has better magnetic resonance imaging performance and is non-toxic, thereby having a bright application prospect in the biomedical field.