The invention provides a novel negative pressure slurry treatment system which comprises a rack, a belt type screen transmission device, a head box, a side box, a supporting frame, a micro-vibration device, a negative pressure diversion trench, a screen cleaning device and a driving device. The belt type screen transmission device comprises a screen, a rubber filtering support belt, a side leakage prevention apron board, a driving roller, a guide roller, a front roller support plate, a rear roller support plate and a tensioner; the head box comprises a feeding hole, an upper sealing cover, a shunting buffer tray and an observation window; the side box comprises a secondary filtering device and a gas filtering device; the micro-vibration device comprises a vibration rod, a damping spring, a pneumatic vibration exciter and a fixing rod; the negative pressure diversion trench comprises a negative pressure trench body and a liquid outlet; the driving device comprises a screen driving motor, a screen speed reducer, a mud scraping plate driving motor and a mud scraping plate speed reducer; rapid separation of slurry and rock debris particles is achieved through the micro-vibration device, the filtering device and the negative pressure system, the slurry treatment efficiency is improved, the cost is reduced, and environmental pollution is reduced.