The invention discloses an anti-deflection rock drilling control system. The system comprises a power mechanism, an actuating mechanism, control valves and an electrical system, wherein the power system comprises one-way pumps and motors, and the motors drive the one-way pumps to supply hydraulic oil to the system; the actuating mechanism comprises a push cylinder, a hydraulic motor and an impact mechanism; the control valves comprise three-position four-way electromagnetic exchange valves, a two-position three-way electromagnetic exchange valve, pilot overflow valves, one-way valves, a proportional throttle valve, a propelling pressure control valve, a propelling back pressure valve, filters and coolers. The electrical system comprises pressure sensors, signal amplifiers, a signal amplifier group, signal processors, a data acquisition card, an in-hole factor monitoring system, an in-hole factor and a deflection control system. The electrical system acquires a pressure signal and an in-hole factor signal, a hydraulic valve is regulated by the deflection control system to act on the push cylinder, the hydraulic motor and the impact mechanism, so that a rock drilling machine effectively adjusts the propelling pressure during rock drilling, and the condition of deflection during drilling is well prevented.