The invention provides a high-adaptability digging and anchoring integrated machine with a dual-mode anchor drilling system, and belongs to the technical field of underground coal mining equipment. The high-adaptability digging and anchoring integrated machine comprises a frame main body, a cutting system, a conveying system, a dust removing system, a multifunctional temporary supporting system, the dry-wet dual-mode anchor drilling system, an automatic lubricating system, a water-cooling spraying system, a hydraulic system and an electric control system, wherein a traveling mechanism adopts awide crawler design, so that the adaptability of the digging and anchoring integrated machine to a muddy bottom plate is improved; and the dry-wet dual-mode anchor drilling system has two functions of dry dust removal and wet dust removal, and real-time switching selection is carried out according to the geological conditions of the roadway bottom plate without replacing a drill box. By means ofthe high-adaptability digging and anchoring integrated machine, the problems of muddy of the bottom plate, poor stability of a top side wall and low tunneling efficiency in the rapid coal roadway tunneling under the complex geological conditions are solved; the integrated parallel operation of tunneling, anchor protection, transportation, dust removal and the like of a roadway tunneling working surface is realized; and the efficiency and safety of coal mining and transportation are improved.