The invention discloses an agricultural soil detection sample extraction device and method, and belongs to the field of road cutting. The agricultural soil detection sample extraction device comprisesa base, a box body and a placement frame are fixedly connected to the base, a sliding plate, a motor, a supporting plate, a first fixing frame and a second fixing frame are fixedly connected into thebox body, a sleeve is slidably connected to the sliding plate, and a threaded rod is rotatably connected into the sleeve. The threaded rod is fixedly connected with a spiral blade, the motor is rotatably connected with the end, away from the spiral blade, of the threaded rod, the output end of the motor is fixedly connected with a first rotating rod, and the first rotating rod is fixedly connected with a driving wheel, a cutting blade and a fifth gear. The device is simple to use and convenient and fast in soil sample extraction, multiple procedures of soil detection are reduced, the workingefficiency is improved, the treatment time before soil detection is shortened, and the detection speed is increased.