The invention relates to a spherical calcium oxide adsorbent and a preparation method of the spherical calcium oxide adsorbent. The spherical calcium oxide adsorbent takes a high content calcium oxide mineral and a clay mineral as main raw materials. The spherical calcium oxide adsorbent is prepared from materials in percentage by weight: 50-95% of high content calcium oxide mineral, and 5-50% of clay mineral. The preparation method of the spherical calcium oxide adsorbent comprises the steps of: mixing the high content calcium oxide mineral and the clay mineral, taking a CMC (carboxyl methyl cellulose) aqueous solution in the concentration of 0-10% as an assistant, molding in a spherical pellet granulator, screening spherical particles in a certain particle size range by two layers of sieves, further drying, roasting and packaging the spherical particles to obtain the spherical calcium oxide adsorbent. The spherical calcium oxide adsorbent is chemically prepared from 40-95% of calcium oxide, 0.5-49.5% of magnesium oxide, 3-30% of silicon dioxide, 1-30% of aluminum oxide, 0-30% of sodium oxide, and 0.5-5% of ferric oxide. The spherical calcium oxide adsorbent has favorable selective adsorption performance and wear-resistant performance. Moreover, the spherical calcium oxide adsorbent can be used as a desiccant used in the hollow glass industry, and also can adsorb acid gases such as hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide and the like to purify the industrial waste gases.