The invention discloses a torsional vibration signal detection method and device for an engine crankshaft. The torsional vibration signal detection method includes that gathering rotation pulse signals of the front end of the engine crankshaft, converting the rotation pulse signals into rotating speed signals and angular speed signals, extracting the high-frequency component from the angular speed signals, performing point-by-point integration, converting a high-frequency time domain signal obtained through integration into a frequency domain signal through fast Fourier point-by-point transformation, and inputting the rotating speed signal nk of each equalization signal Qk and angular displacement frequency domain signals Yk into a three-dimensional coordinate system in sequence through a three-dimensional torsional vibration data generating module of the engine so as to obtain three-dimensional torsional vibration data of the engine, wherein the horizontal coordinate is related to the torsional vibration frequency of the engine, the left vertical coordinate is related to the amplitude, and the right vertical coordinate is related to the rotating speed. The torsional vibration signal detection device uses the combined design, the mounting is facilitated, and the detection is not influenced by the engine and outside vibration; the torsional vibration signal detection device is good in reliability, high in measuring precision, convenient to analyze and calculate, strong in adaptability, light in weight and strong in portability.