The invention discloses an electrolytic descaling device for circulating water treatment of a ship boiler. The device comprises a reducing motor, a water inlet valve, a water outlet valve, a drainage valve, a reverser, a scraper, circular disc plate electrodes, a precipitation tank, conductivity detection electrodes, a scale controller, a cylindrical barrel, a precipitation tank, a rotary shaft, a slide ring and a shaft sleeve, wherein six pairs of circular disc plate electrodes are sequentially fixed on the rotary shaft, respectively; the front five pairs of circular disc plate electrodes are connected with the reverser through leads to form a multi-stage serial treatment structure; the last pair of the circular disc plate electrodes is taken as the conductivity detection electrodes which are connected with the scale controller through leads. According to the device disclosed by the invention, the multi-stage serial plate electrodes are adopted, so that the contact area of electrochemical reaction can be effectively enhanced, the descaling rate in unit time is improved, and meanwhile, the size of the device is reduced, and the spatial utilization rate is improved. The device disclosed by the invention collects hardness of treated water to form closed-loop control to automatically feed back and adjust the decomposition voltage, so that the device is simple and convenient to operate, and the energy consumption of the whole device can be effectively reduced.