129 results about "Profilometer" patented technology

The invention discloses a method and system for detecting surface defects of a sheet metal part before coating, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, multi-modal data collection: synchronously collecting three-dimensional point cloud data and a hyperspectral image of the surface of the sheet metal part through a laser three-dimensional contourgraph and a hyperspectral camera, and recording environment illumination and temperature parameters at the same time; s2, data preprocessing: performing denoising and smoothing processing on the three-dimensional point cloud, extracting surface contour features, and performing defective pixel repair, waveband selection and reflectivity correction on the hyperspectral image; according to the surface defect detection method and system before coating of the sheet metal part, through multi-modal data acquisition and fusion of the three-dimensional morphology and the hyperspectral features, compared with traditional single visual detection, the surface defects of the sheet metal part can be more comprehensively and accurately recognized, particularly, tiny defects and oxide layer defects which are difficult to distinguish by naked eyes, the recognition rate is remarkably increased, and the detection accuracy is improved. And by adopting the lightweight deep learning model, the detection precision is ensured, and the reasoning speed is improved at the same time.

The invention relates to the technical field of weld pattern recognition, and discloses a weld pattern recognition data processing method and system, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining pre-scanning data of a weld region before main scanning, analyzing the surface interference type and interference degree, and dynamically generating a main scanning strategy according to the actual interference condition. The scanning parameters of the line laser contourgraph and / or the scanning path of the robot are / is adjusted. According to the method, the limitation that in the prior art, due to diversified workpiece surface conditions, a fixed data processing algorithm fails is overcome, the quality and efficiency of automatic welding are remarkably improved, and the welding defect caused by misrecognition or key geometric feature loss is avoided.

The invention provides a calibration process and a calibration block of a contourgraph, and relates to the technical field of contour parameter calibration, in the calibration process of the contourgraph, first scanning data is obtained by scanning a gauge block calibration part of the calibration block, second scanning data is obtained by scanning a standard ball calibration part of the calibration block, and the first scanning data and the second scanning data are obtained based on a physical model among a probe, a rotating shaft and a sensor. The measuring height difference between the first calibration plane and the second calibration plane, the straightness of the inclined plane, the measuring diameter of the fitting circle, the actual height difference of the gauge block calibration part and the actual diameter of the standard ball calibration part are calculated, and the position relation among the probe, the rotating shaft and the sensor is calculated at least with the minimum straightness of the inclined plane as the constraint. The calibration data not only have the height of the gauge block and the diameter of the standard ball, but also introduce the straightness of the inclined plane, and the calibration data is increased, so that the calibration precision is improved, and the nonlinear error caused by the difference between a mechanical structure and a theoretical model can be reduced.

The invention discloses a welding robot welding seam positioning method for shipyard part machining. The problems that an existing method is poor in deformation adaptation, weak in interference resistance and insufficient in positioning precision for shipyard large-size parts are solved. The method comprises the four steps that 1, a to-be-welded part is pre-fixed through a shipyard special tool, and a laser contourgraph, a millimeter wave radar and an industrial camera are combined to collect multi-source features; 2, obtaining a final welding seam positioning coordinate through multi-source feature layered extraction (a global reference feature layer builds a coordinate network, and a local welding seam feature layer improves a groove / gap parameter), global-local correlation matching (a rigid body transforms a mapping coordinate and calculates a deformation deviation) and dynamic deviation compensation (cubic spline interpolation fits a deformation curve and generates a three-dimensional compensation amount); 3, a positioning coordinate calibration robot TCP is imported, and a path is generated according to the welding seam type; and 4, verifying the precision in a no-load manner, and recalculating the compensation amount if the deviation exceeds 0.1 mm. The method is high in positioning precision, strong in interference resistance and suitable for complex working conditions of shipyards.

A method for high-efficiency combined machining of an aspheric optical element comprises the steps that a tool clamp is manufactured according to the shape of the optical element to be machined, the lower surface of an optical element blank is ground and polished, and the optical element blank is fixed to the tool clamp; performing aspheric surface forming processing on the upper surface of the optical element blank through rough grinding and accurate grinding to obtain an aspheric surface sample piece; measuring the surface shape data of the aspheric sample piece by using a contourgraph; the surface shape data are imported into an air bag polishing machine tool, an NC code for compensation machining is obtained through calculation, a tool clamp and the aspheric surface sample piece are fixed to a transition clamp of the polishing machine tool together, and rough polishing and fine polishing are conducted on the upper surface of the aspheric surface sample piece through different air bag polishing heads; and after machining is completed, measuring the surface shape data of the aspheric surface sample piece by adopting a contourgraph, soaking the aspheric surface sample piece and the tool clamp in an acetone solution after the aspheric surface sample piece is qualified, and taking out the sample piece. The process is scientific and reasonable, the surface shape of the element can be rapidly measured, the clamping error is reduced, the machining quality and the machining efficiency are improved, and the production cost is reduced.

The embodiment of the invention discloses a double-nozzle offset determination method and a 3D printer, and the method comprises the steps: controlling double nozzles to print two parallel line segments on a printing platform in a first direction, and obtaining a first line segment and a second line segment; controlling the contourgraph to illuminate the first line segment and the second line segment, and acquiring an illuminated line segment image to obtain a first image corresponding to the first line segment and a second image corresponding to the second line segment; based on the first image and the second image, the offset of the double nozzles in the second direction is obtained. By adopting the embodiment of the invention, the measurement precision of the offset can be improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of mold detection, and particularly relates to a powder metallurgy mold contourgraph which comprises a base plate, an upper heat insulation seat and a lower heat insulation seat, the base plate is arranged between the lower heat insulation seat and the upper heat insulation seat, the outer side wall of the base plate is integrally formed and sleeved with a heat insulation frame, and the heat insulation frame is detachably connected with the upper heat insulation seat and the lower heat insulation seat. A controller is fixedly installed on the outer side wall of the heat insulation frame, and a movable mold is installed between the base plate and the upper heat insulation base. Whether the outlines of the movable die and the static die deviate or not can be judged at a time, step-by-step scanning is not needed, the detection efficiency is high, secondly, influence of dead angles of the die cavity is not likely to happen, detection is more accurate, meanwhile, impurities such as powder possibly left in the die cavity can be rapidly discharged before outline detection, and the detection accuracy is improved. The precision of contour detection is improved, and personnel can be reminded to increase the smearing amount and smearing uniformity of the mold release agent subsequently based on the powder concentration.

The invention relates to a control method for improving EDT roller texturing efficiency and high-surface automobile aluminum plate oil storage amount. The control method comprises the steps that (1) a single-rack cold rolling mill is adopted; (2) carrying out roller surface treatment by adopting an electrode electric spark roller grinder, wherein the roughness Ra of a working roller before roughening is less than or equal to 0.4 mu m; the roughness Ra after EDT roughening is equal to 1.95 to 2.2 [mu] m; (3) a single-rack cold rolling mill is adopted for production, the rolling oil temperature is 35 + / -5 DEG C, and the rolling oil pressure is 6.0-9.0 bar; (4) an air cushion type continuous annealing line is adopted for cleaning and solid solution aging treatment; (5) carrying out surface appearance and pit size measurement on the prepared aluminum plate by adopting a 3D optical microscope; and (6) the manufactured aluminum plate is measured through a 3D non-contact optical contourgraph. By means of the method, the requirements for the surface roughness Ra and Rpc of the automobile sheet can be met, the downstream stamping cracking risk and the corrosion spot defect caused by the too large surface pit diameter are reduced, the better high-surface automobile sheet, the higher aluminum sheet surface oil storage amount and the lower friction coefficient can be obtained, and the EDT roller texturing working time can be saved.

The invention relates to a low-stress chemical mechanical etching process suitable for fragile materials, which belongs to the technical field of etching processing of fragile materials and comprises a precise chemical mechanical polishing machine, a polishing pad, a polishing solution conveying and managing system and end point detection equipment. The precise chemical mechanical polishing machine comprises a multi-zone pressure controllable polishing head, a high-precision rotating speed control system and a real-time thickness measuring system, a polishing pad is a polishing disc made of porous polyurethane materials, and the polishing liquid conveying and managing system comprises a multi-channel metering pump system and a stirring and temperature control unit. And the end point detection equipment comprises a surface profilometer, an atomic force microscope and a transmission electron microscope. According to the method, through fine cooperation of chemical reaction and mechanical grinding, microcrack initiation and propagation in the polishing process are effectively inhibited, surface and subsurface damage of the fragile material is remarkably reduced, the machined surface which is ultrahigh in smoothness and free of damage is obtained, and meanwhile the high material removal rate is kept.

The invention relates to a method for automated docking of a stationary part (1) with a movable part (2) capable of being moved towards the stationary part by a robot (3), the stationary part (1) and the movable part (2) each comprising an end (4, 5), the two ends forming a docking interface (6). The method comprises the steps of positioning of multiple profilometers around the docking interface so that the docking interface is located in the field of view of the profilometers, determination of a target profile of the end of the movable part, measurement of a profile of the end of the movable part by the profilometers, comparison of the target profile and the measured profile, generating a speed setpoint in the measurement space, and movement of the movable part towards the stationary part (1) by the robot (3) on the basis of this speed setpoint.

The application provides a 3D printer and a working method of a laser profiler. The 3D printer is provided with a calibration plate. Before a target object is scanned by the laser profiler, the print head and / or the print bed of the 3D printer can be moved, so that the laser profiler has different distances with the print bed. The camera and the laser emitter of the laser profiler controlled under different distances respectively shoot laser images with laser lines and calibration images without laser lines. Then, based on the calibration images and the laser images under different distances, the laser plane parameters of the laser profiler are calculated, so that the calibration of the laser profiler is realized in the 3D printer. When the calibration parameters of the laser profiler change due to vibration or other reasons, the laser profiler of the 3D printer can be recalibrated, so that the scanning precision of the laser profiler is ensured, and the precision of the 3D printer is ensured.

1. Name of the product in this design: Line Laser Profilometer. 2. Application of this design: for 3D point cloud imaging, spatial coordinate positioning, robotic arm guidance, and product inspection. 3. The key design feature of this product is its shape. 4. The image or photograph that best illustrates the key design points: Design 1 3D view. 5. Design 1 is designated as the basic design.

The present application provides a method for predicting the remaining service life of a ball screw pair based on the raceway surface profile, which mainly includes the following steps: collecting the surface profile curves of the screw raceway of the ball screw pair at three positions by a Taylor Hobson profilometer, and performing shape removal and Gaussian filtering on the profile; extracting the main features of the raceway surface profile curve, including roughness, maximum peak-valley height, root mean square, recurrence law, fractal dimension, and multifractal spectrum width, to construct a mixed feature set; then performing dimensionality reduction processing, evaluating the importance of each feature in the feature set by the random forest method, and selecting the features containing 95% of the information to construct a new feature set; establishing a bidirectional long short-term memory neural network model; and importing the mixed feature set at a preset position into the established bidirectional long short-term memory neural network model for training. The method provided by the present application is convenient, has high accuracy, and small error.

The invention belongs to the technical field of image processing, and particularly relates to a self-adaptive phased array C scanning imaging method for a surface thread curved surface, which sequentially comprises the following steps of: (1) establishing a curved surface coordinate; step (2), generating propagation prior; step (3), executing a step of cTFM imaging; and step (4), executing a step of RPCA decomposition imaging. According to the method, thread appearance point cloud is synchronously collected through a contourgraph and an encoder, a spiral expansion coordinate domain and a curved surface coordinate index table are established through double quaternion spiral expansion, and geometric continuous modeling of the rotating and feeding process is achieved; in the coordinate domain, a propagation prior lookup table containing refraction time intervals is generated based on a rapid propulsion method, and the refraction propagation path of sound waves between the wedge block and the detected body is accurately described.

The invention discloses a pump shaft bearing position abrasion repairing method and device, and relates to the technical field of pump shaft repairing. The method comprises the following steps that firstly, a detached pump shaft is fixed; 2, detecting the wear condition: accurately measuring the wear area of the bearing position, generating a detailed three-dimensional surface model, and recording the wear depth and range; 3, surface cleaning; and the abraded surface is cleaned, and rust, old coatings and impurities are removed. By integrating the laser contour scanner, the cold welding machine, the angle grinder, the polishing machine and other devices, high-precision detection, efficient repair and comprehensive inspection of pump shaft bearing position abrasion are achieved. Compared with a traditional method, the method has the advantages that the repairing precision and efficiency are improved, the operation difficulty and cost are reduced, the downtime is shortened, the service life of equipment is remarkably prolonged, the production efficiency of the equipment is remarkably improved, and the method has important economic value and application prospects.

The invention relates to a method for measuring a first height map and a second height map of a surface of a sample with a contourgraph and combining the first height map and the second height map into a composite height map. The invention also relates to a contourgraph configured to measure a first height map and a second height map and to combine the first height map and the second height map into a composite height map.

The application relates to the field of semiconductor detection equipment and discloses a high-precision wafer profiler, which comprises a frame body mechanism, a wafer loading table mechanism, an optical detection mechanism, a temperature compensation mechanism and a central processing mechanism, wherein the frame body mechanism comprises a base, the wafer loading table mechanism is arranged above the base, the optical detection mechanism is arranged above the wafer loading table mechanism, the optical detection mechanism comprises a thickness detection assembly, a notch detection assembly and an edge detection assembly, the thickness detection assembly, the notch detection assembly and the edge detection assembly are integrated in one device, the device is highly integrated, carrying errors and repeated positioning errors are eliminated, the base is integrally cast from natural marble or high-strength cast iron, the measurement precision is stable, the XYZ theta four-degree-of-freedom motion module is combined with a fine adjustment mechanism of an optical lens, the accurate control and rapid focusing of the wafer position to be detected can be realized, and different specifications of wafers to be detected can be adapted.

The utility model discloses a handheld contourgraph measurement auxiliary tool which comprises a contourgraph body, a laser measurement assembly used for emitting laser and measuring the surface of an object is installed on the contourgraph body, and an installation rod is movably installed on the top of the contourgraph body. The mounting rod and the contourgraph body are rotationally arranged, a connecting rod is rotationally mounted at the top of the mounting rod, a handheld rod is rotationally mounted at the end, away from the mounting rod, of the connecting rod, the mounting rod, the connecting rod and the handheld rod form an auxiliary frame, and the auxiliary frame and the contourgraph body are disassembled and assembled. The contourgraph is used for improving the convenience of the contourgraph body, all-directional rotation of the contourgraph body is achieved by driving the contourgraph body to rotate on the X and Y faces, the Z and Y faces and the Z and X faces, and all-directional measurement and use of the auxiliary frame and the contourgraph body on the surface of an object can be facilitated.

The invention discloses an LBM model simulation system and method for monitoring and calibrating a denudation area based on in-situ surface topography, and belongs to the field of metal additive manufacturing. The system comprises a transparent box body and metal additive manufacturing equipment, wherein a movable line laser contourgraph is arranged in the box body. Based on the system, every time a layer is formed, the line laser contourgraph enters equipment to collect surface point cloud data and then exits, and the operation is repeated until printing is completed; after preprocessing the point cloud data, carrying out statistical analysis to obtain the length and width of a first layer denudation area and the maximum depth when the first layer denudation area is stable; and constructing and updating the denudation area in the LBM model based on the parameters, and completing calibration. According to the method, the problem that an existing LBM model lacks denudation area coupling capacity is solved, and simulation accuracy and forming quality are improved.

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CALIBRATING A ROTATIONALLY DRIVEN PROFILOMETER Calibration system (100) for a profilometer (11) based on a laser triangulation sensor, called TLS, said system comprising an optical head (10) provided with a rotation plate (12) intended to receive the profilometer to communicate to it a rotational movement around any axis of rotation (A), and a frame (30) on which the optical head is slidably mounted, said system further comprising a calibration frame (20) positioned around the TLS sensor and comprising four shims (21) each having a determined geometric shape and relative positioning in the calibration frame, the shapes and positions of said shims being configured so that the traces (T) of the laser beam (L) of the profilometer on the calibration frame (20) allow maximized coverage of a measurement area of ​​said profilometer. Figure for abstract: Figure 2

The present invention proposes a method for reconstructing the 3D topography of a virtual grinding wheel based on matrix convolution operation, which reconstructs the grinding wheel topography by convolution of a digital filter matrix and a random matrix. The actual grinding wheel topography is collected by a 3D optical profilometer and statistically analyzed. Statistical parameters such as mean value, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis are used to quantitatively analyze the distribution law of the grinding wheel topography height data. The protruding abrasive particles on the grinding wheel surface are extracted, and the shape of the abrasive particles is statistically analyzed. The abrasive particles after statistics are used as a filter function and convolution calculation is performed with a random matrix to realize the reconstruction of the random grinding wheel topography. The actual collected grinding wheel topography is used as a reference for reconstructing the virtual grinding wheel topography. For the grinding wheel topography at different wear stages, the Johnson transformation is used to transform and calculate the grinding wheel topography digital matrix. The present invention solves the problem of poor consistency between the reconstruction of virtual grinding wheel topography and the actual grinding wheel topography, and improves the accuracy of the reconstruction of the grinding wheel topography.

The application discloses a kind of ceramic material microstructure full field of view high flux cross-scale in-situ characterization method, comprising: ceramic and ceramic matrix composite sampling and cutting;Ceramic and ceramic matrix composite mechanical grinding and surface polishing;Ceramic sample test area positioning mark;Ceramic and ceramic matrix composite sample to be measured region surface three-dimensional topography height information high flux high-precision acquisition;Surface three-dimensional topography height information acquisition result post-processing and analysis, obtain a kind of ceramic and ceramic matrix composite microstructure full field of view high flux cross-scale in-situ characterization method.The application is based on ceramic material surface metallographic polishing, combined with white light interferometer test surface three-dimensional topography height information and acquisition information result filtering analysis and other post-processing, realize based on ceramic and ceramic matrix composite composition phase three-dimensional surface information difference analysis microstructure full field of view high flux cross-scale in-situ characterization.

The utility model provides an automatic optical film thickness scanning surveying instrument, and belongs to the technical field of optical spectrum instruments. The automatic optical film thickness scanning surveying instrument comprises a shell; the test platform is arranged above the shell, and the test platform is used for placing an object to be tested; the horizontal slide rail assembly is arranged in the shell and is used for driving the test platform to move horizontally; the supporting rod is arranged on the shell, a longitudinal sliding rail assembly is arranged on the supporting rod, a collimating lens barrel is arranged on the longitudinal sliding rail assembly, an optical fiber is installed in the collimating lens barrel, and the longitudinal sliding rail assembly is used for driving the collimating lens barrel to move longitudinally; wherein the horizontal slide rail assembly and the longitudinal slide rail assembly are used for adjusting the relative position between the test platform and the collimating lens barrel, so as to adjust the placing space of an object to be tested. According to the automatic optical film thickness scanning surveying instrument, the height of the collimating lens cone is adjusted according to the size of an object to be measured, and the optical film thickness scanning surveying instrument is convenient to use.

The invention belongs to the field of engineering application, and provides a water-proof scyphistoma adhesion-resistant wave-dissipating submerged dike which comprises a submerged dike adhesion-resistant optimization system, and the system comprises an adhesion extraction module which obtains the surface roughness, the effective adsorption area and the water flow speed through a contourgraph, a covering method and a buoy tracking method, constructs a model to calculate an initial adhesion value, and obtains the initial adhesion value; the correlation between the sub-parameters and the attachment density is analyzed when the risk is high; the structure optimization module determines an optimal inclination angle and a hollowing rate based on the negative correlation parameters, and calculates an attachment optimization value after adjustment to judge whether continuous optimization is needed or not; the coating laying module is used for identifying a high-adhesion-rate area according to the continuous optimization signal, determining an optimal coating laying area through an adhesion strength coefficient and verifying an effect; and the stability analysis module monitors for 30 days, calculates a structural stability coefficient and a final initial adhesion value, evaluates long-term stability through a comprehensive optimization value, and ensures that the submerged dike has wave dissipation and waterproof scyphistoma adhesion effects.

The utility model discloses a contourgraph measuring rod balancing structure, relates to the field of contourgraphs, and adopts the technical scheme that the contourgraph measuring rod balancing structure comprises a measuring rod body and a measuring rod frame; the middle part of the measuring rod body is hinged with the measuring rod frame, and the rear end of the measuring rod body is provided with a static magnet; a first movable magnet and a second movable magnet are respectively arranged on the upper side and the lower side, corresponding to the static magnet, of the measuring rod frame; the first movable magnet and the second movable magnet are respectively arranged in a manner of repelling the corresponding surfaces of the static magnet; the first moving magnet and the second moving magnet can move close to or away from the static magnet. The measuring rod body can keep magnetic force to achieve balance well, interference of external force is reduced, contour detection of the measuring rod is facilitated, and balance adjustment is more convenient and simpler.

The invention provides a calibration method and device of a measuring device, a medium and a program product. The method comprises the following steps of: irradiating the surfaces of a pair of calibration pieces through each contourgraph to obtain first measurement data under a respective contourgraph coordinate system; a feature pattern constructed by a pair of calibration pieces is located in a common view field of each contourgraph; determining first pose conversion relation information between each contourgraph and a pair of calibration parts based on the first measurement data; wherein the first pose conversion relation information comprises an included angle between the optical axis direction of the contourgraph and a reference line determined by the feature pattern, and a distance, obtained based on the first measurement data, of each contourgraph relative to the reference line; and based on the first pose conversion relation information of each contourgraph, obtaining coordinate conversion information from each contourgraph coordinate system to a unified coordinate system. Calibration deviation caused by rotation of a single contourgraph can be avoided, and the problem of inaccurate three-dimensional measurement caused by calibration errors is solved.

The application discloses a kind of finite element simulation methods for accurately calculating electric arc additive manufacturing temperature field and stress field, belong to additive manufacturing technical field.The method is first obtained by 3D profilometer the geometric structure of electric arc additive manufacturing deposition sample, then the melt width, melt depth and excess height of each deposition layer are obtained by wire cutting, based on the actual additive parameters of each deposition layer, construct simulation heat source model, three heat sources are considered in simulation heat source model, and the heat distribution in the actual additive manufacturing process is fully considered.The application combines three-dimensional scanning technology with electric arc additive manufacturing temperature field and stress field simulation, obtains the actual geometric structure and topography of deposition layer through external detection means, calculates the electric arc additive manufacturing deposition layer temperature field and stress field based on the real topography of deposition layer, compared with the existing electric arc additive manufacturing simulation, the reduction degree of the distribution of calculated temperature and stress in deposition layer can be greatly improved.

The invention relates to a profile steel contour dimension measurement method, device and equipment and a medium, and relates to the technical field of contour dimension measurement, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining first sub-contours collected by a plurality of laser contourmeters; performing coordinate conversion processing on the first sub-contour so as to convert the first sub-contour into a system coordinate system; combining the first sub-contours in the system coordinate system to obtain a first profile steel section contour; on the basis of the first profile steel section contour, obtaining overlapping areas between different first sub-contours, and dividing the first sub-contours corresponding to the overlapping areas into overlapping sections and reserved sections; eliminating a plurality of overlapping sections of the overlapping region, and generating a second sub-contour corresponding to the overlapping region; and obtaining a target profile steel section contour based on the plurality of reserved sections and the plurality of second sub-contours, and obtaining contour size information corresponding to the current profile steel based on the target profile steel section contour. The profile steel profile dimension measuring device has the effects of improving the profile steel profile dimension measuring precision and improving the profile steel profile dimension measuring efficiency.

This invention relates to the field of stepped hole measurement technology, and in particular to a precision internal step gauge. It mainly includes a dial indicator, an internal step gauge body, a support nut, a support spring, a support screw, and an internal groove probe. This invention primarily utilizes a lever to convert linear movement into pointer rotation, and then uses a scale dial for reading the length measurement instrument. Compared to previous profilometers and three-dimensional coordinate measuring machines, this invention allows for online step measurement, offering convenience, flexibility, and high fabricationability.

The application discloses a two-dimensional white light microscopic splicing interferometer measuring device and method, and belongs to the technical field of precise optical detection. The device comprises a base platform, vertical motion tables arranged on both sides of the base platform, a non-Schlieren interferometer and a white light profiler respectively carried by the vertical motion tables, an X-direction linear guide rail, and a large-scale rotary table assembly and a small-scale rotary table assembly arranged on the X-direction linear guide rail. The method uses the white light profiler and the non-Schlieren interferometer in cooperation, acquires the relative angle difference between sub-apertures in real time, adopts a dynamic angle compensation mechanism, and combines a specific splicing algorithm to realize high-precision fusion of surface shape data. The application effectively solves the angle error accumulation problem in sub-aperture splicing measurement of a small curvature radius curved mirror, realizes sub-nanometer level surface shape measurement precision, and is particularly suitable for high-precision detection of an X-ray curved mirror.