87 results about "Profilometer" patented technology

The invention discloses a method and system for detecting surface defects of a sheet metal part before coating, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, multi-modal data collection: synchronously collecting three-dimensional point cloud data and a hyperspectral image of the surface of the sheet metal part through a laser three-dimensional contourgraph and a hyperspectral camera, and recording environment illumination and temperature parameters at the same time; s2, data preprocessing: performing denoising and smoothing processing on the three-dimensional point cloud, extracting surface contour features, and performing defective pixel repair, waveband selection and reflectivity correction on the hyperspectral image; according to the surface defect detection method and system before coating of the sheet metal part, through multi-modal data acquisition and fusion of the three-dimensional morphology and the hyperspectral features, compared with traditional single visual detection, the surface defects of the sheet metal part can be more comprehensively and accurately recognized, particularly, tiny defects and oxide layer defects which are difficult to distinguish by naked eyes, the recognition rate is remarkably increased, and the detection accuracy is improved. And by adopting the lightweight deep learning model, the detection precision is ensured, and the reasoning speed is improved at the same time.

The invention relates to the technical field of weld pattern recognition, and discloses a weld pattern recognition data processing method and system, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining pre-scanning data of a weld region before main scanning, analyzing the surface interference type and interference degree, and dynamically generating a main scanning strategy according to the actual interference condition. The scanning parameters of the line laser contourgraph and / or the scanning path of the robot are / is adjusted. According to the method, the limitation that in the prior art, due to diversified workpiece surface conditions, a fixed data processing algorithm fails is overcome, the quality and efficiency of automatic welding are remarkably improved, and the welding defect caused by misrecognition or key geometric feature loss is avoided.

The invention provides a calibration process and a calibration block of a contourgraph, and relates to the technical field of contour parameter calibration, in the calibration process of the contourgraph, first scanning data is obtained by scanning a gauge block calibration part of the calibration block, second scanning data is obtained by scanning a standard ball calibration part of the calibration block, and the first scanning data and the second scanning data are obtained based on a physical model among a probe, a rotating shaft and a sensor. The measuring height difference between the first calibration plane and the second calibration plane, the straightness of the inclined plane, the measuring diameter of the fitting circle, the actual height difference of the gauge block calibration part and the actual diameter of the standard ball calibration part are calculated, and the position relation among the probe, the rotating shaft and the sensor is calculated at least with the minimum straightness of the inclined plane as the constraint. The calibration data not only have the height of the gauge block and the diameter of the standard ball, but also introduce the straightness of the inclined plane, and the calibration data is increased, so that the calibration precision is improved, and the nonlinear error caused by the difference between a mechanical structure and a theoretical model can be reduced.

The invention discloses a welding robot welding seam positioning method for shipyard part machining. The problems that an existing method is poor in deformation adaptation, weak in interference resistance and insufficient in positioning precision for shipyard large-size parts are solved. The method comprises the four steps that 1, a to-be-welded part is pre-fixed through a shipyard special tool, and a laser contourgraph, a millimeter wave radar and an industrial camera are combined to collect multi-source features; 2, obtaining a final welding seam positioning coordinate through multi-source feature layered extraction (a global reference feature layer builds a coordinate network, and a local welding seam feature layer improves a groove / gap parameter), global-local correlation matching (a rigid body transforms a mapping coordinate and calculates a deformation deviation) and dynamic deviation compensation (cubic spline interpolation fits a deformation curve and generates a three-dimensional compensation amount); 3, a positioning coordinate calibration robot TCP is imported, and a path is generated according to the welding seam type; and 4, verifying the precision in a no-load manner, and recalculating the compensation amount if the deviation exceeds 0.1 mm. The method is high in positioning precision, strong in interference resistance and suitable for complex working conditions of shipyards.

The invention relates to a control method for improving EDT roller texturing efficiency and high-surface automobile aluminum plate oil storage amount. The control method comprises the steps that (1) a single-rack cold rolling mill is adopted; (2) carrying out roller surface treatment by adopting an electrode electric spark roller grinder, wherein the roughness Ra of a working roller before roughening is less than or equal to 0.4 mu m; the roughness Ra after EDT roughening is equal to 1.95 to 2.2 [mu] m; (3) a single-rack cold rolling mill is adopted for production, the rolling oil temperature is 35 + / -5 DEG C, and the rolling oil pressure is 6.0-9.0 bar; (4) an air cushion type continuous annealing line is adopted for cleaning and solid solution aging treatment; (5) carrying out surface appearance and pit size measurement on the prepared aluminum plate by adopting a 3D optical microscope; and (6) the manufactured aluminum plate is measured through a 3D non-contact optical contourgraph. By means of the method, the requirements for the surface roughness Ra and Rpc of the automobile sheet can be met, the downstream stamping cracking risk and the corrosion spot defect caused by the too large surface pit diameter are reduced, the better high-surface automobile sheet, the higher aluminum sheet surface oil storage amount and the lower friction coefficient can be obtained, and the EDT roller texturing working time can be saved.

The invention relates to a low-stress chemical mechanical etching process suitable for fragile materials, which belongs to the technical field of etching processing of fragile materials and comprises a precise chemical mechanical polishing machine, a polishing pad, a polishing solution conveying and managing system and end point detection equipment. The precise chemical mechanical polishing machine comprises a multi-zone pressure controllable polishing head, a high-precision rotating speed control system and a real-time thickness measuring system, a polishing pad is a polishing disc made of porous polyurethane materials, and the polishing liquid conveying and managing system comprises a multi-channel metering pump system and a stirring and temperature control unit. And the end point detection equipment comprises a surface profilometer, an atomic force microscope and a transmission electron microscope. According to the method, through fine cooperation of chemical reaction and mechanical grinding, microcrack initiation and propagation in the polishing process are effectively inhibited, surface and subsurface damage of the fragile material is remarkably reduced, the machined surface which is ultrahigh in smoothness and free of damage is obtained, and meanwhile the high material removal rate is kept.

The invention relates to a method for automated docking of a stationary part (1) with a movable part (2) capable of being moved towards the stationary part by a robot (3), the stationary part (1) and the movable part (2) each comprising an end (4, 5), the two ends forming a docking interface (6). The method comprises the steps of positioning of multiple profilometers around the docking interface so that the docking interface is located in the field of view of the profilometers, determination of a target profile of the end of the movable part, measurement of a profile of the end of the movable part by the profilometers, comparison of the target profile and the measured profile, generating a speed setpoint in the measurement space, and movement of the movable part towards the stationary part (1) by the robot (3) on the basis of this speed setpoint.

The application provides a 3D printer and a working method of a laser profiler. The 3D printer is provided with a calibration plate. Before a target object is scanned by the laser profiler, the print head and / or the print bed of the 3D printer can be moved, so that the laser profiler has different distances with the print bed. The camera and the laser emitter of the laser profiler controlled under different distances respectively shoot laser images with laser lines and calibration images without laser lines. Then, based on the calibration images and the laser images under different distances, the laser plane parameters of the laser profiler are calculated, so that the calibration of the laser profiler is realized in the 3D printer. When the calibration parameters of the laser profiler change due to vibration or other reasons, the laser profiler of the 3D printer can be recalibrated, so that the scanning precision of the laser profiler is ensured, and the precision of the 3D printer is ensured.

1. Name of the product in this design: Line Laser Profilometer. 2. Application of this design: for 3D point cloud imaging, spatial coordinate positioning, robotic arm guidance, and product inspection. 3. The key design feature of this product is its shape. 4. The image or photograph that best illustrates the key design points: Design 1 3D view. 5. Design 1 is designated as the basic design.

The invention belongs to the technical field of image processing, and particularly relates to a self-adaptive phased array C scanning imaging method for a surface thread curved surface, which sequentially comprises the following steps of: (1) establishing a curved surface coordinate; step (2), generating propagation prior; step (3), executing a step of cTFM imaging; and step (4), executing a step of RPCA decomposition imaging. According to the method, thread appearance point cloud is synchronously collected through a contourgraph and an encoder, a spiral expansion coordinate domain and a curved surface coordinate index table are established through double quaternion spiral expansion, and geometric continuous modeling of the rotating and feeding process is achieved; in the coordinate domain, a propagation prior lookup table containing refraction time intervals is generated based on a rapid propulsion method, and the refraction propagation path of sound waves between the wedge block and the detected body is accurately described.

The application relates to the field of semiconductor detection equipment and discloses a high-precision wafer profiler, which comprises a frame body mechanism, a wafer loading table mechanism, an optical detection mechanism, a temperature compensation mechanism and a central processing mechanism, wherein the frame body mechanism comprises a base, the wafer loading table mechanism is arranged above the base, the optical detection mechanism is arranged above the wafer loading table mechanism, the optical detection mechanism comprises a thickness detection assembly, a notch detection assembly and an edge detection assembly, the thickness detection assembly, the notch detection assembly and the edge detection assembly are integrated in one device, the device is highly integrated, carrying errors and repeated positioning errors are eliminated, the base is integrally cast from natural marble or high-strength cast iron, the measurement precision is stable, the XYZ theta four-degree-of-freedom motion module is combined with a fine adjustment mechanism of an optical lens, the accurate control and rapid focusing of the wafer position to be detected can be realized, and different specifications of wafers to be detected can be adapted.

The utility model discloses a handheld contourgraph measurement auxiliary tool which comprises a contourgraph body, a laser measurement assembly used for emitting laser and measuring the surface of an object is installed on the contourgraph body, and an installation rod is movably installed on the top of the contourgraph body. The mounting rod and the contourgraph body are rotationally arranged, a connecting rod is rotationally mounted at the top of the mounting rod, a handheld rod is rotationally mounted at the end, away from the mounting rod, of the connecting rod, the mounting rod, the connecting rod and the handheld rod form an auxiliary frame, and the auxiliary frame and the contourgraph body are disassembled and assembled. The contourgraph is used for improving the convenience of the contourgraph body, all-directional rotation of the contourgraph body is achieved by driving the contourgraph body to rotate on the X and Y faces, the Z and Y faces and the Z and X faces, and all-directional measurement and use of the auxiliary frame and the contourgraph body on the surface of an object can be facilitated.

The invention discloses an LBM model simulation system and method for monitoring and calibrating a denudation area based on in-situ surface topography, and belongs to the field of metal additive manufacturing. The system comprises a transparent box body and metal additive manufacturing equipment, wherein a movable line laser contourgraph is arranged in the box body. Based on the system, every time a layer is formed, the line laser contourgraph enters equipment to collect surface point cloud data and then exits, and the operation is repeated until printing is completed; after preprocessing the point cloud data, carrying out statistical analysis to obtain the length and width of a first layer denudation area and the maximum depth when the first layer denudation area is stable; and constructing and updating the denudation area in the LBM model based on the parameters, and completing calibration. According to the method, the problem that an existing LBM model lacks denudation area coupling capacity is solved, and simulation accuracy and forming quality are improved.

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CALIBRATING A ROTATIONALLY DRIVEN PROFILOMETER Calibration system (100) for a profilometer (11) based on a laser triangulation sensor, called TLS, said system comprising an optical head (10) provided with a rotation plate (12) intended to receive the profilometer to communicate to it a rotational movement around any axis of rotation (A), and a frame (30) on which the optical head is slidably mounted, said system further comprising a calibration frame (20) positioned around the TLS sensor and comprising four shims (21) each having a determined geometric shape and relative positioning in the calibration frame, the shapes and positions of said shims being configured so that the traces (T) of the laser beam (L) of the profilometer on the calibration frame (20) allow maximized coverage of a measurement area of ​​said profilometer. Figure for abstract: Figure 2

The application discloses a kind of ceramic material microstructure full field of view high flux cross-scale in-situ characterization method, comprising: ceramic and ceramic matrix composite sampling and cutting;Ceramic and ceramic matrix composite mechanical grinding and surface polishing;Ceramic sample test area positioning mark;Ceramic and ceramic matrix composite sample to be measured region surface three-dimensional topography height information high flux high-precision acquisition;Surface three-dimensional topography height information acquisition result post-processing and analysis, obtain a kind of ceramic and ceramic matrix composite microstructure full field of view high flux cross-scale in-situ characterization method.The application is based on ceramic material surface metallographic polishing, combined with white light interferometer test surface three-dimensional topography height information and acquisition information result filtering analysis and other post-processing, realize based on ceramic and ceramic matrix composite composition phase three-dimensional surface information difference analysis microstructure full field of view high flux cross-scale in-situ characterization.

The utility model provides an automatic optical film thickness scanning surveying instrument, and belongs to the technical field of optical spectrum instruments. The automatic optical film thickness scanning surveying instrument comprises a shell; the test platform is arranged above the shell, and the test platform is used for placing an object to be tested; the horizontal slide rail assembly is arranged in the shell and is used for driving the test platform to move horizontally; the supporting rod is arranged on the shell, a longitudinal sliding rail assembly is arranged on the supporting rod, a collimating lens barrel is arranged on the longitudinal sliding rail assembly, an optical fiber is installed in the collimating lens barrel, and the longitudinal sliding rail assembly is used for driving the collimating lens barrel to move longitudinally; wherein the horizontal slide rail assembly and the longitudinal slide rail assembly are used for adjusting the relative position between the test platform and the collimating lens barrel, so as to adjust the placing space of an object to be tested. According to the automatic optical film thickness scanning surveying instrument, the height of the collimating lens cone is adjusted according to the size of an object to be measured, and the optical film thickness scanning surveying instrument is convenient to use.

The invention belongs to the field of engineering application, and provides a water-proof scyphistoma adhesion-resistant wave-dissipating submerged dike which comprises a submerged dike adhesion-resistant optimization system, and the system comprises an adhesion extraction module which obtains the surface roughness, the effective adsorption area and the water flow speed through a contourgraph, a covering method and a buoy tracking method, constructs a model to calculate an initial adhesion value, and obtains the initial adhesion value; the correlation between the sub-parameters and the attachment density is analyzed when the risk is high; the structure optimization module determines an optimal inclination angle and a hollowing rate based on the negative correlation parameters, and calculates an attachment optimization value after adjustment to judge whether continuous optimization is needed or not; the coating laying module is used for identifying a high-adhesion-rate area according to the continuous optimization signal, determining an optimal coating laying area through an adhesion strength coefficient and verifying an effect; and the stability analysis module monitors for 30 days, calculates a structural stability coefficient and a final initial adhesion value, evaluates long-term stability through a comprehensive optimization value, and ensures that the submerged dike has wave dissipation and waterproof scyphistoma adhesion effects.

The application discloses a kind of finite element simulation methods for accurately calculating electric arc additive manufacturing temperature field and stress field, belong to additive manufacturing technical field.The method is first obtained by 3D profilometer the geometric structure of electric arc additive manufacturing deposition sample, then the melt width, melt depth and excess height of each deposition layer are obtained by wire cutting, based on the actual additive parameters of each deposition layer, construct simulation heat source model, three heat sources are considered in simulation heat source model, and the heat distribution in the actual additive manufacturing process is fully considered.The application combines three-dimensional scanning technology with electric arc additive manufacturing temperature field and stress field simulation, obtains the actual geometric structure and topography of deposition layer through external detection means, calculates the electric arc additive manufacturing deposition layer temperature field and stress field based on the real topography of deposition layer, compared with the existing electric arc additive manufacturing simulation, the reduction degree of the distribution of calculated temperature and stress in deposition layer can be greatly improved.

The invention relates to a profile steel contour dimension measurement method, device and equipment and a medium, and relates to the technical field of contour dimension measurement, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining first sub-contours collected by a plurality of laser contourmeters; performing coordinate conversion processing on the first sub-contour so as to convert the first sub-contour into a system coordinate system; combining the first sub-contours in the system coordinate system to obtain a first profile steel section contour; on the basis of the first profile steel section contour, obtaining overlapping areas between different first sub-contours, and dividing the first sub-contours corresponding to the overlapping areas into overlapping sections and reserved sections; eliminating a plurality of overlapping sections of the overlapping region, and generating a second sub-contour corresponding to the overlapping region; and obtaining a target profile steel section contour based on the plurality of reserved sections and the plurality of second sub-contours, and obtaining contour size information corresponding to the current profile steel based on the target profile steel section contour. The profile steel profile dimension measuring device has the effects of improving the profile steel profile dimension measuring precision and improving the profile steel profile dimension measuring efficiency.

This invention relates to the field of stepped hole measurement technology, and in particular to a precision internal step gauge. It mainly includes a dial indicator, an internal step gauge body, a support nut, a support spring, a support screw, and an internal groove probe. This invention primarily utilizes a lever to convert linear movement into pointer rotation, and then uses a scale dial for reading the length measurement instrument. Compared to previous profilometers and three-dimensional coordinate measuring machines, this invention allows for online step measurement, offering convenience, flexibility, and high fabricationability.

The application discloses a two-dimensional white light microscopic splicing interferometer measuring device and method, and belongs to the technical field of precise optical detection. The device comprises a base platform, vertical motion tables arranged on both sides of the base platform, a non-Schlieren interferometer and a white light profiler respectively carried by the vertical motion tables, an X-direction linear guide rail, and a large-scale rotary table assembly and a small-scale rotary table assembly arranged on the X-direction linear guide rail. The method uses the white light profiler and the non-Schlieren interferometer in cooperation, acquires the relative angle difference between sub-apertures in real time, adopts a dynamic angle compensation mechanism, and combines a specific splicing algorithm to realize high-precision fusion of surface shape data. The application effectively solves the angle error accumulation problem in sub-aperture splicing measurement of a small curvature radius curved mirror, realizes sub-nanometer level surface shape measurement precision, and is particularly suitable for high-precision detection of an X-ray curved mirror.

The present application relates to a kind of method and device for determining the matching relationship of gear macroscopic vibration and tooth surface micro-roughness.The method is as follows:(1) using three-dimensional profilometer, the profile height data of gear tooth surface is measured, with space frequency and power spectral density as horizontal and vertical coordinates, height data is plotted in double logarithmic graph, linear regression method is used for fitting, and the fractal parameter of tooth surface is calculated according to the slope and intercept of fitting function;(2) the vibration acceleration signal of gear transmission system and the signal of given speed and load are collected;Then, the collected signal is filtered and analyzed in time-frequency domain, and the acceleration amplitude corresponding to meshing frequency is extracted;(3) replace the gear with different micro-morphology, change the speed and load conditions, repeat the above operation, and obtain the quantitative matching relationship of tooth surface micro-morphology and macroscopic vibration response under different conditions.The present application realizes the quantitative matching of tooth surface micro-morphology characteristics and gear macroscopic vibration response.

1. Name of the product in this design: Laser profilometer test stand (desktop). 2. Purpose of this design: To measure the contour data of an object. 3. The key design feature of this product is its shape. 4. The image or photograph that best illustrates the design's key points: 3D view 1.

The invention relates to the technical field of testing fixtures, and discloses a testing fixture for an arc-shaped automobile part, the testing fixture comprises a bottom plate, an arc-shaped part body, a contourgraph body and a mounting rack fixedly mounted on two sides of the top of the bottom plate, one side of the front surface of a vertical plate is provided with a detection assembly, and one side of the front surface of the mounting rack is provided with an auxiliary assembly. The detection assembly comprises a linear guide rail fixedly installed on the inner top face of the installation frame, the output end of the linear guide rail is fixedly connected with a moving seat, a moving plate is installed at the bottom of the moving seat in a liftable mode, an upper rotating rod is installed at the bottom of the moving plate in a transverse rotating mode, one end of the upper rotating rod is fixedly connected with a contact plate, and the outer side of the upper rotating rod is sleeved with a first torsional spring. Through the arrangement of the detection assembly, the unit block can rotate in a manner of adapting to the radian of the arc-shaped piece body, the contact plate adapts to the radian deflection of the unit block, and the constant distance detection between the measuring head and the arc-shaped piece body is maintained all the time, thereby facilitating the contour detection of arc-shaped piece bodies with different radians in a certain range, and improving the detection precision of the arc-shaped piece body.

The utility model relates to an auxiliary device for contourgraph measurement. The auxiliary device for contourgraph measurement comprises a base; the bearing assembly is rotationally connected to the base and used for containing products. The adjusting assembly is connected to the base; one end of the rotating part is rotatably connected to the side, close to the base, of the bearing assembly, the other end of the rotating part is movably connected to the adjusting assembly, and the rotating part rotates under the adjusting effect of the adjusting assembly and drives the bearing assembly to rotate so as to adjust the angle between the bearing assembly and the base. According to the auxiliary device for contourgraph measurement, the position of the rotating piece relative to the base is adjusted through the adjusting assembly, so that the angle between the base and the bearing assembly is adjusted, the position relation between a product placed on the bearing assembly and the contourgraph can be adjusted, and the contourgraph can obtain a larger measurement view angle during measurement; therefore, different measurement requirements are met, and the measurement effect and the measurement precision are improved.

A computer-implemented method for measuring the geometry of a guitar component is disclosed. A reference three-dimensional model representing a target geometry of the component is provided. The component is placed on a measurement station and scanned using a non-contact optical profilometer to obtain a point cloud. Points not corresponding to the component are filtered. Deviation values are computed by comparing the filtered point cloud with the reference model and are displayed in graphical form including colour-coded visualisation. Deviations affecting sound quality, playability or ergonomic characteristics are identified, and corrective operations are performed on the component based on the identified deviations. The method supports precise geometric evaluation and iterative correction during guitar manufacturing and setup.

This invention discloses a production control method for the flange slope of hot-rolled H-beams, comprising the following steps: using a profilometer to detect H-beam roll data; determining whether the profilometer data meets the pre-judgment conditions of the standard requirements under hot steel conditions; if the pre-judgment conditions are met, saving the previous rolling state; if the pre-judgment conditions are not met, determining the relationship between the finished flange width B / 2 and D-R, i.e., (I+△i-(K+△k+R)); determining the current rolling line position of the mill based on the data measured by the profilometer; adjusting and saving the mill rolling line in the previous rolling state based on the relationship between the finished flange width B / 2 and D-R obtained in step three, and the rolling line position obtained in step four; rolling the roll using the saved rolling line position, and repeating steps one to five until the roll's external dimensions meet the pre-judgment conditions during the rolling process. This method can effectively control the problem of excessive flange slope during the production of hot-rolled H-beams.

The invention provides a gear honing machining process monitoring method and system.The method comprises the steps that the tooth surface roughness of a gear, the meshing torque of a honing wheel and the surface abrasion texture data of the honing wheel are collected through a line laser contourgraph, a dynamic torque sensor and an industrial camera respectively, and dimension reduction is conducted through time synchronization and principal component analysis; generating a fusion feature vector of the processing state; training a preset convolutional neural network by taking the fusion feature vector as an input and combining multi-machine-tool historical data and digital twin virtual trial cut data so as to output a corresponding anomaly level and an anomaly reason; the corresponding machining information is associated through the RDID of the gear, and the corresponding abnormal workpiece is positioned by combining the abnormal timestamp, so that the corresponding target honing wheel is locked; and corresponding adjustment machining parameters are matched in the process knowledge base according to the abnormal levels and the abnormal reasons, and the actual working state of the target honing wheel is correspondingly adjusted through the adjustment machining parameters. The production efficiency of the gear can be effectively improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of spaceflight part surface quality detection, and particularly discloses a spaceflight scratch / tool mark depth rapid measuring device which comprises at least one comparison test block used for conducting visual comparison with the surface of a detected metal part, and the base material of the comparison test block is the same as the metal material of the detected metal part; a plurality of standard depth defects are sequentially processed on the comparison test block along the length direction, and identifiers for indicating the depth values of the standard depth defects are also arranged on the comparison test block. According to the method, standard scratches or steps with different depths are machined in advance, the defect depth can be judged only through visual comparison under the unified illumination and observation conditions during detection, and compared with a traditional optical microscopy, laser measurement or contact pin type contourgraph method, the detection efficiency is remarkably improved; the invention further discloses a measuring method, the reliability of judgment is improved, and the method has good adaptability to scratches and tool marks of different materials, different roughness and different types.

The application discloses a kind of motion vector calibration method and device, comprising: according to laser stripe image and profile data, the feature intersection set formed by laser intersection is obtained;According to the feature intersection set, the sequence pose relationship of line laser profilometer and auxiliary camera is obtained;According to the sequence pose relationship, the optimization objective function containing the to-be-calibrated parameter of mobile module is constructed, and the optimization objective function is minimized by nonlinear optimization algorithm, and the motion vector along the mobile module under line laser profilometer is obtained.Feature intersection set of laser is carried out by high-precision calibration plate and auxiliary camera, and the sequence pose relationship between measuring line laser profilometer and auxiliary camera is obtained according to the feature intersection set, and the motion vector of line laser profilometer is indirectly obtained by the obtained sequence pose relationship, the precision of the calibration method is high, the speed is fast, meets the accuracy requirement of actual industrial production, and is suitable for real-time detection in production process.