36 results about "Zirconia ceramic" patented technology

This utility model provides a cutting cover for processing zirconia ceramic blocks, comprising: a processing table, on the upper surface of which a processing support is fixedly connected, and a cutting tool holder and a positioning mechanism are mounted on the processing support; a cutting cover body, mounted on the processing table, with a door slidably mounted at the front end of the cutting cover body, an observation window mounted on the door body, and an electric push rod fixedly mounted on the inner wall of the cutting cover body, the output end of which is fixedly connected to the upper end of the door body; and a dust collection unit, mounted on the processing table and the cutting tool holder. This cutting cover for processing zirconia ceramic blocks shields the workpiece and equipment during the cutting process, and, with the cooperation of the dust collection unit, collects the dust generated during cutting, avoiding potential safety hazards during cutting and preventing dust pollution of the working environment, thus protecting the health of operators.

The application provides a zirconia composite powder, a preparation method of the zirconia composite powder, a zirconia ceramic and a dental restoration. The zirconia composite powder comprises zirconia matrix particles and cubic phase zirconia particles, the zirconia matrix particles comprise monoclinic phase zirconia and tetragonal phase zirconia, and at least part of the cubic phase zirconia particles form an interface with the zirconia matrix particles in an atomic scale. After sintering of the composite powder in the above manner, the mechanical strength and toughness required by the dental restoration can be obtained, and the hardness is reduced, so that the hardness matching with the opposite tooth is improved, and the pathological abrasion risk is reduced.

This invention discloses a method for simulating and testing ceramic sintering stress and a method for reducing ceramic sintering stress. The simulation and testing method includes: 1. Measuring the grain size, relative density, and geometric dimensions before and after sintering; 2. Using Abaqus to establish the ceramic geometry and construct a transient heat conduction model; 3. Establishing the viscoelastic constitutive equation for the sintering shrinkage deformation of zirconia ceramics and constructing a sintering shrinkage model; 4. Sequentially coupling the transient heat conduction model and the sintering shrinkage model to perform joint simulation of solid-state sintering, obtaining the simulation results of ceramic sintering stress. The method for reducing ceramic sintering stress includes: 5. Establishing a finite element model of ceramic sintering shrinkage with proportionally distributed grain sizes and calculating the average sintering stress distribution of the grain size proportional distribution model; 6. Comparing the average sintering stress of sintering shrinkage models with different grain size proportions to determine the method for reducing sintering stress. This invention improves ceramic sintering quality and production efficiency.

The utility model discloses a kind of high-stability corrosion-resistant single-point mooring ultra-thin wall bearing devices, including outer ring body, reinforcing support plate inner wall middle position is equipped with oil filler, and reinforcing support plate inside upper and lower edge is equipped with splicing slot, splicing slot inner wall is inserted and is installed with mounting block, and mounting block one side is rotatably embedded and installed with sliding bead, mounting block and reinforcing support plate one side are inserted and installed with first fixed bolt.This kind of high-stability corrosion-resistant single-point mooring ultra-thin wall bearing device can be side supported by reinforcing support plate, and can be stably rotated by sliding bead, mounting block, and the effect is good, and high-efficiency corrosion-resistant treatment can be carried out by the zirconia ceramic ball material quality of ball and the double-layer structure of nano ceramic coating and organic fluorocarbon coating coating, can adapt to complex marine environment, and high-efficiency heat dissipation can be carried out while being fixed by bolt seat, heat-conducting block and second fixed bolt, and the effect is good.

This invention discloses a method for preparing a strontium titanate modified layer on the surface of zirconia based on an impregnation-heat treatment method, comprising: (1) mixing titanium sulfate, urea and water to obtain a precursor liquid A, placing zirconia ceramic in the precursor liquid A, heating to boiling and maintaining for a period of time, then removing the zirconia ceramic, and after heat treatment A, preparing a titanium dioxide film on the surface of zirconia; (2) mixing H2O2 aqueous solution, ammonia and deionized water, adding metatitanic acid and stirring to dissolve, obtaining a precursor liquid B, placing the zirconia with the titanium dioxide film in the precursor liquid B, and allowing it to stand and react for a period of time at room temperature, depositing zirconia modified with a titanium dioxide precursor layer; (3) dissolving strontium acetate, or a mixed salt composed of calcium acetate and / or magnesium acetate and strontium acetate in deionized water to obtain an impregnation treatment solution, placing the zirconia modified with the titanium dioxide precursor layer in the impregnation treatment solution, allowing it to stand and react for a period of time, and then removing it, and after heat treatment B, preparing a strontium titanate modified layer on the surface of zirconia. The strontium titanate layer prepared on the surface of zirconia ceramic in this invention is tightly attached to the zirconia substrate and has high hydrophilicity, which is conducive to the adhesion of proteins and cells in the human body. At the same time, it can release active factors such as strontium ions for a long time to promote bone formation and bone regeneration at the implantation site, ultimately enhancing the osseointegration capacity of the zirconia implant.

The present application relates to a kind of zirconia porcelain block and its preparation method and application, including inner zirconia block and the outer zirconia block of wrapping up inner zirconia block, outer zirconia block includes multiple zirconia layers sequentially laid according to the order of transmittance size and in vertical direction, and the thickness of the zirconia layer with maximum transmittance and the thickness of the zirconia layer with minimum transmittance are all greater than the thickness of the zirconia layer between maximum transmittance and minimum transmittance;The transmittance of inner zirconia block and the maximum transmittance in multiple zirconia layers are same, and the bottom end of inner zirconia block is in the zirconia layer with minimum transmittance, and the height of inner zirconia block is not less than 2 / 3 of the height of outer zirconia block;The preparation method and application of the porcelain block are simultaneously disclosed.The present application can be more real to the structure, color and light transmittance of true tooth, improve the service life and the comfort of use of tooth.

The utility model discloses a micro -type reaction furnace, including the shell, is equipped with the heat preservation cavity on the shell, and the heat preservation cavity is filled with the heat preservation material, the inside of shell is equipped with heating chamber, and the heat preservation cavity covers heating chamber in, the heat conduction component, the heat conduction component is assembled in heating chamber, is equipped with the reaction chamber on the heat conduction component, and the both sides of reaction chamber are equipped with the heating groove, and the heat conduction component still is equipped with the assembly groove, and the assembly groove is linked together with heating groove, heating rod, heating rod installs in heating groove. The utility model has the beneficial effects that: this micro -type reaction furnace passes through the light -duty aluminum alloy shell, the heat preservation material + zirconia ceramic piece, brass heat conduction component and the collaborative design of "K type thermocouple + temperature controller", effectively solved the traditional reaction furnace volume huge, the problem of uneven heating, the poor heat preservation effect, the low temperature control precision, especially applicable to the fine heating reaction scene of micro -type sample, has convenient operation, temperature control precision, high thermal efficiency, compact structure and so on the remarkable advantage.

This utility model discloses a polishing device for producing zirconia ceramic blocks. The polishing device includes: a base; an intermediate support body fixedly connected to the top of the base; a polishing pot body disposed inside the intermediate support body, with a vibration motor installed at the center of the bottom of the polishing pot body and an integrally connected mounting ring to the inner top of the polishing pot body; a top cover connected to the inner side of the mounting ring, with a handle fixedly connected to the top of the top cover; and an elastic mechanism disposed between the intermediate support body and the polishing pot body. This application, by setting an elastic mechanism between the intermediate support body and the polishing pot body, allows the polishing pot body to vibrate in a suspended manner, greatly enhancing the amplitude and uniformity of the vibration. This elastic support structure allows the polishing pot body to vibrate freely in multiple directions, promoting more thorough and uniform contact and friction between the internal diamond abrasive and the zirconia ceramic block, significantly improving the polishing efficiency and quality.

This invention provides a method for preparing zirconia ceramic nanofibers, comprising the following steps: (1) preparation of precursor solution: preparing an aqueous solution containing a silicon source compound and a zirconium source compound; (2) preparation of zirconia ceramic fiber precursor solution; (3) preparation of hybrid zirconia ceramic nanofibers; (4) preparation of zirconia ceramic nanofibers; wherein, the zirconium source compound in step (1) is an organic zirconium source compound. The zirconia ceramic nanofibers provided by this invention have good spinnability and continuous and uniform fibers; while the multiphase structure gives them good mechanical properties, and at the same time coordinates the balance between thermal conductivity and stable structure at high temperature, making them less prone to brittle fracture, highly processable, and reusable.

The invention discloses a zirconia ceramic matrix with high thermal shock resistance as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The zirconia ceramic matrix comprises a matrix and a coating layer a; the matrix comprises the following components: 90-98 wt% of zirconium oxide; 1.5 to 8 wt.% of a stabilizing agent; % of a grain boundary regulating agent; the stabilizing agent is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 2.0 to 4.0 percent of Sc2O3, 0.5 to 1.5 percent of Yb2O3 and 0.3 to 1.0 percent of Er2O3; the grain boundary regulating agent is a composition of a boron source and an aluminum source; in the coating layer a, the molar ratio of zirconium to aluminum is (2-3): 1; and the component 1 is polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinylpyrrolidone. The fracture toughness, bending strength and thermal shock resistance of the ceramic matrix are effectively improved, and the overall mechanical property is remarkably improved. When the material bears thermal shock, the thermal shock resistance of the material is improved, and the application scene of the zirconia ceramic material is expanded.

This application relates to the field of ceramic materials technology, and more particularly to a ceramic slurry for bonding zirconia ceramics, its preparation method, and its application. The ceramic slurry comprises an inorganic functional phase and an organic carrier; the inorganic functional phase includes modified zirconia powder, a stabilizer, and a low-temperature active sintering aid. The modified zirconia powder is cerium-doped zirconia powder modified with a modifier. This application modifies the zirconia powder using a specific wet ball milling process, improving the slurry's stability and solid content; by introducing borosilicate glass powder, the sintering temperature is lowered to 1150-1250℃, avoiding the adverse effects of high-temperature sintering on the zirconia phase structure. The resulting adhesive layer has a high coefficient of thermal expansion matching with the zirconia matrix, a temperature resistance ≥1000℃, a room temperature shear strength ≥42.5MPa, and high volume resistivity, making it suitable for applications such as solid oxide fuel cells, high-temperature sensors, dental restorations, and aerospace.

The application provides a miniaturized ear stud type positioning device based on a hybrid power supply system and an active signal enhancement technology, and belongs to the technical field of pet positioning. The device comprises a titanium alloy shell, an inner wall of the titanium alloy shell is provided with a zirconia ceramic wave-transparent layer, the titanium alloy shell is externally provided with a magnetic ear stud and a safe contact electrode, the surface of the magnetic ear stud is provided with a transparent nanowire solar film electrically connected with the safe contact electrode, the inside of the titanium alloy shell is provided with a communication layer, a processing layer and a hybrid power supply layer, and the communication layer comprises a UWB / BLE dual-mode antenna array, an IMU inertial navigation module and a signal processing FPGA module. The application can solve the long-acting power supply problem of a miniaturized device in a continuous positioning mode, has strong endurance, improves the signal transmission reliability (a positioning success rate is greater than 95%) in a complex indoor environment, has better signal penetration, realizes non-inductive wearing through an ear stud type design, has comfortable wearing, is rich in functions, integrates multi-mode sensors to realize positioning-health monitoring integration.

The application belongs to the technical field of ceramics and relates to a low-temperature aging-resistant zirconia ceramic as well as a preparation method and application thereof. Before sintering treatment of a zirconia ceramic body, a vacuum evaporation plating technology is used to form an evaporation layer on the surface of the zirconia ceramic body, and then sintering treatment is performed, so that a zirconia ceramic with a yttrium oxide protective layer is finally obtained; the evaporation layer is a metal yttrium layer or a yttrium oxide layer, and the thickness of the evaporation layer is greater than or equal to 1 nm. Through the evaporation plating technology, a nanoscale yttrium oxide shell layer with a controllable thickness and a dense structure is formed on the outer layer of the zirconia ceramic, and in a hydrothermal aging environment, the dense shell layer can effectively block the erosion of water on yttrium elements in the zirconia matrix, thereby significantly inhibiting the occurrence of low-temperature aging phase change and greatly improving the long-term stability and service life of the zirconia ceramic material.

This invention discloses a porous zirconia ceramic for steelmaking casting, belonging to the field of zirconia ceramic technology. This ceramic is prepared by introducing a catalyst-supported composite mineral powder and stabilizing zirconia to form a slurry, followed by foam impregnation, secondary impregnation molding, and gradient sintering. The composite mineral releases active components and generates gas at high temperatures, forming interconnected micropores, increasing porosity and the chemical adsorption capacity for inclusions; simultaneously, catalytically grown silicon nitride whiskers form a three-dimensional network within the framework, significantly enhancing the material's fracture toughness and erosion resistance. The porous ceramic prepared by this invention possesses high structural strength, excellent high-temperature stability, and high filtration efficiency, effectively capturing non-metallic inclusions in molten steel, improving steel purity, and extending filter lifespan.

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of zirconia. Disclosed are a zirconia ceramic powder and a preparation method therefor, and a zirconia sintered body. The zirconia ceramic powder comprises a solid solution formed by zirconia and a stabilizer. The specific surface area of the zirconia ceramic powder is 10-32 m2 / g, the average particle diameter D50 thereof is 0.1-0.3 μm, and the average particle diameter D90 thereof is 0.2-0.5 μm. The peak intensity ratio of the crystal grain 220 crystal plane / 200 crystal plane of the zirconia ceramic powder obtained by means of powder X-ray diffraction measurement is 1.2-2.5. The average crystallite diameter of the grains of the zirconia ceramic powder obtained by means of (-111) plane peaks of the grains of the zirconia ceramic powder in the X-ray diffraction measurement is 150-550 Å. The zirconia ceramic powder satisfying the numerical ranges has a specific crystal plane orientation, such that low-temperature sintering can be achieved without adding a sintering aid, and a sintered body having high strength and a high sintering density can be obtained.

The application adopts Ti-Zr-Cu-Co-Al filler metal to braze zirconia ceramic and titanium alloy, and aims to solve the problems of low joint strength, existence of harmful elements and high cost in the existing zirconia ceramic and titanium alloy brazing joint. The method for brazing zirconia ceramic and titanium alloy comprises the following steps: first, vacuum arc melting metal raw materials to prepare Ti-Zr-Cu-Co-Al filler metal foil; second, mechanically polishing the surfaces to be welded of zirconia ceramic and titanium alloy; third, clamping the filler metal foil between the zirconia ceramic base material and the titanium alloy base material to obtain a welding assembly; and fourth, controlling the brazing temperature to be 900-980 DEG C under vacuum condition in a high vacuum brazing furnace. In the application, the Cu content in the filler metal foil is reduced, Co is used to replace Ni, and Al is added to connect the zirconia ceramic and the titanium alloy, so that the joint strength is improved, the release of harmful elements such as Ni and Cu is effectively avoided, and the potential biological hazards in long-term implantation are reduced.

This invention relates to a brazing filler metal for air reactive brazing of zirconia ceramics and iron-based alloys, its preparation method, and its applications, belonging to the field of materials welding. The invention aims to address the problem of continuous brittle composite oxide layers easily formed during existing air reactive brazing processes of zirconia ceramics and iron-based alloys. The brazing filler metal of this invention is composed of Ag, CuO, and TiO2. Utilizing the synergistic effect of Ag, CuO, and TiO2, the brazing filler metal effectively controls the interfacial reaction process and inhibits the formation of continuous brittle oxide layers on the iron-based alloy side. Air reactive brazing avoids the problem of blackening on the ceramic side of the joint after brazing with active metals, ensuring a good interfacial bond between the zirconia ceramic and the iron-based alloy, and obtaining a high-quality brazed joint with excellent sealing performance and stable mechanical properties. The brazing filler metal of this invention has a uniform composition, is easy to assemble, and allows for precise control of the brazing weld width, showing promising prospects for engineering applications.

This invention discloses an alumina-zirconia composite ceramic ball and its preparation method, relating to the field of ceramic technology. The preparation method involves mixing zirconia, alumina, cerium oxide, yttrium oxide, and sodium oxide in a specific ratio, followed by wet grinding, spray granulation, roll forming, and sintering. Compared with existing technologies, the alumina-zirconia composite ceramic ball prepared by this invention improves the hardness of zirconia grinding media while maintaining good wear resistance and excellent anti-aging properties, thus solving to some extent the problems of high wear, high impurity content, and short service life in existing high-hardness material grinding processes.

The application discloses a kind of zirconia ceramic materials for dental restoration and preparation method thereof, it is related to dental restoration material technical field, including raw material processing system, forming system and sintering system, the raw material processing system includes ball mill, spray drying tower and cyclone separator, the forming system includes isostatic press and mould group, the sintering system includes atmosphere protection furnace and temperature control module, also includes S1, raw material weighing and mixing, S2, ball milling refinement, S3, spray drying granulation, S4, mould filling, S isostatic pressing forming and green body initial inspection, S6, pre-sintering and grain boundary control, S7, final sintering and densification strengthening, S8, precision machining and performance comprehensive evaluation.The application is prepared by S1-S8 steps, the effect that the spherical granulation powder with uniform composition, suitable granularity and good fluidity is prepared, the bending strength of zirconia ceramic material is improved simultaneously, and the light transmittance is improved, and the material color degree is closer to natural dentin by passing hydrogen sintering.

This invention provides a multi-rare-earth modified zirconia ceramic material, its preparation method, and its application. The chemical composition of the multi-rare-earth modified zirconia ceramic material is La. x Ce y Gd z Yb s Y t Zr 1‑x‑y‑z‑s‑t O δ , where 0 < x <1;0< y <1;0< z <1;0< s <1;0< t <1;0<1- x - y - z - s - t <1;0< δ <2. This material possesses excellent high-temperature phase stability, high coefficient of thermal expansion, low thermal conductivity, and high fracture toughness, enabling it to meet the higher service temperature requirements of thermal barrier coatings.

The application discloses a zirconia ceramic modified by alumina / zirconia composite microspheres, which is prepared by mixing, pressing and sintering of stable zirconia powder A and alumina / zirconia composite microspheres accounting for less than 20 wt% of total ceramic powder; the preparation method of the alumina / zirconia composite microspheres comprises the following steps: preparing a slurry by mixing stable zirconia powder B, alumina powder and a solvent; performing ball milling I on the obtained slurry, and performing ball milling II on the slurry together with a binder; and performing spray drying to obtain the composite microspheres. The application introduces dispersed alumina / zirconia two-phase structure into the zirconia ceramic, promotes the mass transfer between the zirconia matrix and the composite microspheres through the concentration gradient of zirconia, alumina and the zirconia matrix in the composite microspheres, improves the micro-nano interface, introduces a new toughening mechanism, and realizes the strengthening and toughening of the zirconia ceramic.

The present application relates to the technical field of composite materials, and particularly relates to a high-toughness impact-resistant zirconia ceramic composite material and a preparation method thereof. The present application provides a preparation method of a high-toughness impact-resistant zirconia ceramic composite material, and the method is characterized in that the method comprises the following steps: soaking continuous alumina fiber fabric in resin to prepare prepreg; laying the prepreg on one side of a zirconia ceramic sheet, and then laying a zirconia ceramic sheet or multiple layers of prepreg on one side of the prepreg to obtain a lay-up material; vacuum-pressing forming the lay-up material; and heating and curing the vacuum-pressing formed lay-up material to obtain a composite material. The present application provides a high-toughness impact-resistant zirconia ceramic composite material and a preparation method thereof, and can provide a material with good texture, excellent mechanical properties and high electromagnetic signal transmittance.

This invention discloses a nano-reinforced high-toughness zirconia ceramic microsphere and its preparation method, belonging to the field of microsphere preparation technology. It addresses the technical problems in existing zirconia ceramic microspheres where the nanoparticles easily agglomerate, resulting in poor sphericity, low density, and insufficient fracture toughness. The specific steps include: placing dimethyl silicone oil in a reaction vessel and stirring; heating the reaction vessel to 85-95℃; adding a dispersant and a nanocomposite slurry; maintaining the temperature and stirring for 30-60 minutes; and then post-processing to obtain microsphere green bodies. This invention utilizes cerium-yttrium co-doped nanocrystalline powder, leveraging the steric hindrance effect of a self-made comb-shaped polycarboxylic acid ether to achieve high solids content dispersion, combined with reverse-phase suspension polymerization to construct a three-dimensional network to lock in high-sphericity green bodies, and finally densifying through stepwise sintering to obtain highly dense and high-toughness zirconia ceramic microspheres.

The utility model discloses a kind of porous ceramic water purifier filter core, filter core body is hollow cylindrical, is constituted by outer layer filter layer, middle layer support layer and inner layer antibacterial layer, outer layer filter layer is gradient pore structure, material contains diatomite, kaolin etc.;Middle layer support layer is honeycomb, is composed of alumina ceramic and zirconia ceramic;Inner layer antibacterial layer loads nanometer silver particles, this filter core is filtered by gradient pore classification, combines titanium dioxide photocatalysis self-cleaning with nanometer silver antibacterial property, can intercept more than 99% bacteria virus, reduce cleaning frequency, maintain purification effect, honeycomb support layer enhances mechanical strength, improve compression resistance and breakage ability, prolong service life, after testing, its bacteria removal rate reaches 99.8%, can bear 1.5MPa pressure, actual use 6 months filtration effect is stable, cleaning frequency reduces 40%, with efficient filtration and economic practical value.

The application provides a high-compressibility zirconia ceramic fiber material and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of ceramic fiber materials.The high-compressibility zirconia ceramic fiber material is a three-dimensional zirconia ceramic fiber material with an ordered layered structure formed by zirconia fibers; and the zirconia fibers are composed of zirconia nanocrystals.The high-compressibility zirconia ceramic fiber material has excellent compression resistance and high-temperature resistance, and has a wide application prospect in the fields of high-temperature insulation and energy absorption.

The application relates to an assembly structure of a paint mixing head and a mold, and aims to solve the problems of excessively low temperature of a mixing head mounting fixed plate, frictional insertion and burning of a mixing head nozzle and a mold core steel material in the prior art. The assembly structure comprises a paint mixing head nozzle and a feeding flow channel, an inner wall of the paint mixing head nozzle is embedded with a zirconia ceramic ring; the feeding flow channel is arranged in the mold and is communicated with the paint mixing head nozzle and a mold cavity in the mold at two ends, and a thermal expansion coefficient of a material of the feeding flow channel is smaller than a thermal expansion coefficient of the paint mixing head nozzle. In addition, a paint mixing head fixed plate is further included, a temperature control loop is arranged in the paint mixing head fixed plate, and the temperature of the fixed plate is controlled through fluid medium circulation. Through the above design, paint residues in the nozzle are effectively reduced, mechanical stress and equipment wear caused by thermal expansion mismatch are avoided, the coating quality and the operation stability of the equipment are improved, the service life of the equipment is prolonged, and the production cost is reduced.

This invention discloses an isothermal thermal explosion critical temperature testing system and method for explosives, comprising a temperature control unit, an automatic sample injection unit, a charge unit, an observation unit, a gas detection unit, a pressure detection unit, and a computer. The temperature control unit includes a furnace body with three heating layers, a ceramic insulation layer, and a thermally conductive layer; the heating rate and temperature of the furnace body are controlled by the computer. The automatic sample injection unit includes two motors, a sample injection rod, two clamps, a zirconia ceramic column, a preheating furnace cover, a test furnace cover, a steel wire rope, a support frame, and a sealing ring. The charge unit includes a sample, a cross-shaped fixture, and a clamp. The observation unit includes a camera, an observation platform, a viewing window, and ceramic fiber cotton. The gas detection unit includes a sealing ring, a flame arrestor, an L-shaped pipe, a filter element, a pressure reducing valve, a gas collection bag, and a gas chromatograph. The pressure detection unit includes a pressure sensor and a data acquisition card. The computer is connected to the data acquisition card and has a data processing module installed inside. In use, the explosive sample is placed in the cross-shaped fixture and then placed in the heating furnace. The sample is heated under isothermal conditions, and the critical temperature and gaseous products at which the sample burns are measured.

The utility model relates to a tower mill lining plate, including lining plate and reinforcing rib muscle, the reinforcing rib muscle evenly sets up in the front and back of lining plate, be equipped with hard alloy bar on the reinforcing rib muscle, be equipped with magnetic block between the reinforcing rib muscle of lining plate front, be equipped with ceramic sheet between the reinforcing rib muscle of lining plate back, the magnetic field intensity of magnetic block is 1200GS, the ceramic sheet is zirconium oxide ceramic sheet, the reinforcing rib muscle front width is 35mm, the hard alloy bar diameter is 16mm, the reinforcing rib muscle back width is 10mm. The application significantly promotes the service life of tower mill lining plate, up to 150 days or more, reduces the number of lining plate use and replacement times per year, saves the production cost, improves the production benefit.