The invention discloses a system and a method for softening treatment of desulfurization wastewater of a coal-fired power plant. A primary reaction tank, a primary clarification tank, a secondary reaction tank and a secondary clarification tank are arranged, lime milk, sodium sulfate, polymeric ferric sulfate and polyacrylamide are added to the primary reaction tank for a primary reaction and clarified through the primary clarification tank, Mg(OH)2 and CaSO4*2H2O in the wastewater after the primary reaction are removed, the mixture has a secondary reaction in the secondary reaction tank, smoke is fed into the secondary reaction tank and is settled in the secondary clarification tank, CaCO3 is settled, and softening treatment of the desulfurization wastewater of the coal-fired power plant is completed. The system is simple in structure and easy to implement and facilitates industrial production; when the softening treatment effect is met, that is, the content of Mg<2+> is smaller than or equal to 5 mg/L and the content of Ca<2+> is smaller than or equal to 5 mg/L, the adding amount of chemical is reduced, and the chemical operation cost is reduced, so that the operation cost of a zero discharging system for the desulfurization wastewater of the coal-fired power plant is reduced, and the system has important economic benefits and environmental benefits.