The invention discloses an online detection tester for a rotary drive pair mechanism. The online detection tester is characterized by comprising a first guide rail, a first 
drive motor, a first rigid 
coupling, a first supporting plate, a first 
torque sensor, a universal 
coupling, a second guide rail, an electric loading cylinder, a first spindle box, a first test piece, a second test piece, a second supporting plate, a second spindle box, a second rigid 
coupling, a second 
torque sensor, a third rigid coupling, a second 
drive motor, a base, an acceleration sensor, a temperature sensor, a displacement sensor and a 
pressure sensor. The acceleration sensor, the temperature sensor, the displacement sensor and the 
pressure sensor are used for detecting and controlling the other devices. The online detection tester can be used for online detection of material behaviors of friction pairs such as rings, rolls, ball and disc in a contact area on conditions of different loads and different rotational speeds, and can also be used for 
system testing of different transmission methods such as 
gear transmission, belt transmission, chain transmission and the like, and thus, 
surface change, friction abrasion, friction 
power consumption, stress, service behaviors of drive pairs during transmission can be analyzed.