The invention discloses an online detection tester for a rotary drive pair mechanism. The online detection tester is characterized by comprising a first guide rail, a first drive motor, a first rigid coupling, a first supporting plate, a first torque sensor, a universal coupling, a second guide rail, an electric loading cylinder, a first spindle box, a first test piece, a second test piece, a second supporting plate, a second spindle box, a second rigid coupling, a second torque sensor, a third rigid coupling, a second drive motor, a base, an acceleration sensor, a temperature sensor, a displacement sensor and a pressure sensor. The acceleration sensor, the temperature sensor, the displacement sensor and the pressure sensor are used for detecting and controlling the other devices. The online detection tester can be used for online detection of material behaviors of friction pairs such as rings, rolls, ball and disc in a contact area on conditions of different loads and different rotational speeds, and can also be used for system testing of different transmission methods such as gear transmission, belt transmission, chain transmission and the like, and thus, surface change, friction abrasion, friction power consumption, stress, service behaviors of drive pairs during transmission can be analyzed.