The invention relates to a high bit rate data acquisition and transmission system based on a star topology framework. The system comprises a sensor, acquiring and editing units and a central processing unit (CPU), wherein the sensor is used for sensing physical parameters of a measured object, converting the physical parameters into electrical signals and outputting the electrical signals into the acquiring and editing units; the acquiring and editing units adopting an integral design are used for completing power supply of the sensor and signal acquiring and encoding, conditioning the received electrical signals, processing the electrical signals by input filtering, amplification, sampling and analog to digital (A/D) conversion, and transmitting the processed signals into the CPU; the CPU is used for carrying out sequential control on the acquiring and editing units through a control bus so as to enable the acquiring and editing units to output data according to the preset logic, and also used for processing received data output from the plurality of acquiring and editing units in a centralized way, framing the data according to the prescribed form, converting parallel signals into serial signals and outputting the signals into modulation and transmitting equipment. The centralized control and synchronous acquisition method is adopted by the system, so that the system is easy to maintain, automatic fault isolation is realized, and the purposes of synchronous working of the plurality of acquiring and editing units and high bit rate data transmission can be effectively realized.