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A method and apparatus for creating multiple branch wells from a parent well is disclosed. According to a first embodiment of the invention a multiple branching sub is provided for placement at a branching node of a well. Such sub includes a branching chamber and a plurality of branching outlet members. The outlet members, during construction of the branching sub, have previously been distorted into oblong shapes so that all of the branching outlet members fit within an imaginary cylinder which is coaxial with and substantially the same radius as the branching chamber. According to one embodiment, the distorted outlet members are characterized by an outer convex shape. In another embodiment, the distorted outlet members are characterized by an outer concave shape when in a retracted state. After deployment of the branching sub via a parent casing in the well, a forming tool is lowered to the interior of the sub. The outlet members are extended outwardly by the forming tool and simultaneously formed into substantially round tubes. Next, each outlet member is plugged with cement, after which each branch well is drilled through a respective outlet member. If desired, each branch may be lined with casing and sealed to a branching outlet by means of a casing hanger. A manifold placed in the branching chamber controls the production of each branch well to the parent well. According to a second embodiment of the invention, a pressure resistant branching sub is provided which may be installed in series with a casing string, and the associated equipment used for the installation operation and intervention of a well. The branching sub includes a main pipe and a lateral outlet.

There is provided a light-emitting apparatus with favorable radiation light intensity, which is excellent in light extraction efficiency, color temperature and color rendering property. The light-emitting apparatus includes a light-emitting element, a base body having, on its top surface, a placement portion for emplacing thereon the light-emitting element, a frame body attached to the top surface of the base body so as to surround the placement portion, a light transmitting member disposed inside the frame body so as to cover the light-emitting element, and phosphors contained in the light transmitting member, which performs wavelength conversion on the light emitted from the light-emitting element. The light transmitting member has a pre-cured viscosity ranging from 0.4 to 50 Pa.s.

A method and apparatus for multilateral completion comprises providing a casing string having a casing, a branching sub connected to the casing, and a locating profile. An expanding tool positionable in the branching sub is adapted to mate with the locating profile to fix a position of the expanding tool, such as to rotationally orient the expanding tool, fix a radial position of the expanding tool, and / or fix an axial position of the expanding tool. The branching sub has a non-expanded state, and the expanding tool is adapted to expand the branching sub.

A method and apparatus for creating multiple branch wells from a parent well is disclosed. According to a first embodiment of the invention a multiple branching sub is provided for placement at a branching node of a well. Such sub includes a branching chamber and a plurality of branching outlet members. The outlet members, during construction of the branching sub, have previously been distorted into oblong shapes so that all of the branching outlet members fit within an imaginary cylinder which is coaxial with and substantially the same radius as the branching chamber. According to one embodiment, the distorted outlet members are characterized by an outer convex shape. In another embodiment, the distorted outlet members are characterized by an outer concave shape when in a retracted state. After deployment of the branching sub via a parent casing in the well, a forming tool is lowered to the interior of the sub. The outlet members are extended outwardly by the forming tool and simultaneously formed into substantially round tubes. Next, each outlet member is plugged with cement, after which each branch well is drilled through a respective outlet member. If desired, each branch may be lined with casing and sealed to a branching outlet by means of a casing hanger. A manifold placed in the branching chamber controls the production of each branch well to the parent well. According to a second embodiment of the invention, a pressure resistant branching sub is provided which may be installed in series with a casing string, and the associated equipment used for the installation operation and intervention of a well. The branching sub includes a main pipe and a lateral outlet.

A lithium-ion battery having an anode electrode, a cathode electrode and a non-aqueous solvent lithium electrolyte. At least one cyclophosphazene is added to the non-aqueous solvent lithium electrolyte, which cyclophosphazene acts as a flame-retardant material. The non-aqueous solvent lithium electrolyte is preferably a carbonate-based electrolyte and the preferred cyclophosphazene is hexamethoxycyclotriphosphazene.

Embodiments of the invention provide a scintillator material, a scintillator system, and / or a method of detecting incident radiation using a scintillator material, or scintillator system, comprising a polymer material that comprises chromophores. Additional embodiments provide a scintillator material, scintillator system, and / or a method of detecting incident radiation using a scintillator material, or scintillator system, comprising a polymer material having one, two, three, or more, organic dyes dissolved therein wherein the polymer material having the one, two, three, or more dyes dissolved therein comprises chromophores. At least one of the dyes, termed the base dye, has a concentration in the range 0.5 to 3.5 mol / L. In a specific embodiment, the base dye has a concentration in the range 1.0 to 3.0 mol / L. This base dye concentration is high enough to achieve a substantial triplet-triplet state annihilation rate despite the negligible diffusion of the dye in the rigid polymer matrix.

The disclosure relates to a continuous or semi-continuous, cyclic, countercurrent sorption-desorption method for enhanced control, separation, and / or purification of CO2 from one or more sources of a mixture of gases (and / or carbonaceous liquids that have sufficient vapor pressure) through integrated use of solid monolithic sorbents having a selectivity for sorption of the CO2.

A multi-channel integrated circuit is provided in which each channel has an analog section and a digital section. Each channel of the readout chip employs low noise charge sensitive amplifier at its input followed by other circuitry such as shaper, pole-zero, peak hold, different comparators, buffers and digital control and readout. Each channel produces a self-trigger and a fast timing output. Channel-to-channel time differences are also recorded. Integrated circuit also provides a large dynamic range to facilitate large range of applications. The trigger threshold can be adjusted to provide energy discrimination. The chip has different, externally selectable, operational modes including a sparse readout mode in which only the channels which have received signals greater than a preselected threshold value are read out. The sparse readout mode results in increased data throughput, thus providing fast data acquisition capabilities.

The present invention is a method of processing an optical signal, including the steps of (a) inputting signal light into a first nonlinear optical medium to broaden the spectrum of the signal light through self phase modulation occurring in the first nonlinear optical medium, thereby obtaining first spectrally broadened light, (b) compensating for chromatic dispersion effected on the first spectrally broadened light obtained in the step (a), and (c) inputting the first spectrally broadened light processed by the step (b) into a second nonlinear optical medium to broaden the spectrum of the first spectrally broadened light through self phase modulation occurring in the second nonlinear optical medium, thereby obtaining second spectrally broadened light.

The disclosure relates to a continuous or semi-continuous, cyclic, countercurrent sorption-desorption method for enhanced control, separation, and / or purification of CO2 gas from one or more sources of a mixture of gases through integrated use of solid monolithic sorbents having a sorption selectivity for the CO2 gas, wherein liquid phase water is added to increase the heat capacity of the mixed gas source(s) in order to achieve a thermal wave moving through the thickness of the sorbent material faster than the CO2 sorption wave.

Disclosed is a new type of magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) device using a magnetic semiconductor, which is capable of achieving high-integration and energy saving in a simplified structure without any MOS transistor, based on a rectification effect derived from a p-i-n type low-resistance tunneling-magnetoresistance-effect (low-resistance TMR) diode with a structure having a p-type half-metallic ferromagnetic semiconductor, an n-type half-metallic ferromagnetic semiconductor and at least one atomic layer of nonmagnetic insulator interposed therebetween, or a rectification effect derived from a p-n type low-resistance tunneling-magnetoresistance-effect (low-resistance TMR) diode with a structure devoid of the interposed atomic layer of nonmagnetic insulator.

A fuel injection control apparatus of an internal combustion engine of the present invention performs control for a common rail diesel engine so that at a timing when a piston reaches compression top dead center, the rate of heat production due to the combustion of fuel injected in pre-injection is substantially maximal, and furthermore so that the combustion of fuel injected in main injection is started in the vicinity of this timing. As a result, the combustion of fuel injected in main injection is started by fully utilizing the heat production amount due to the pre-injection. Also, this avoids the production of reverse torque, as well as ensures maximizing the amount of torque produced by the combustion of fuel injected in main injection.

A device for measuring the optical properties of an object, particularly of a chemical and / or biological sample, comprises an illumination light source for illuminating the object. Further, an excitation light source is provided for illuminating the object, wherein the radiation of the excitation light source being suited to change the optical properties of the object. Further, the excitation radiations is focused in a measurement volumes arranged within the object. By means of a detector device, there can be detected preferably the transmission of the illumination radiation through the object within the measurement volume.

A communication system that relays data messages from or to a plurality of remote endpoints via RF gateways to a data accumulation site over one of a series of communication channels. The communication system monitors the signal-to-noise ratio of communication from each individual endpoint, which can be utility meters and related control or monitoring points, to a gateway. Based upon a quality of service and / or the signal-to-noise ratio of the communication of the endpoints to the gateways, the system assigns a desired communication channel to the endpoint. Each of the desired communication channels have varying data transmission rate and required SNR and each channel is selected based upon the signal-to-noise ratio of the transmissions from the endpoint to the gateways. If the signal-to-noise ratio changes for an endpoint, the system dynamically reassigns a different channel to the meter based upon the updated signal-to-noise ratio.

In systems and methods for freezing and subsequently thawing liquid samples containing biological components, a sample is fractioned into a very large number of small drops (10) having surface area to volume ratios of 1000 m-1 or greater. The drops are projected at a liquid cryogen (40) or at the solid surface of a highly thermally conducting metal cup or plate, where they rapidly freeze. The cold gas layer that develops above any cold surface is replaced with a dry gas stream (75). The environmental temperature experienced by the sample then abruptly changes from the warm ambient to the temperature of the cryogenic liquid or solid surface. To thaw drops with the highest warming rates, the frozen drops may be projected into warm liquids. The sample is projected with cold gas to the warm liquid, so that again there is an abrupt transition in the environmental temperature.

Improvements in a gasification system and process for gasifying carbonaceous feedstock with improved energy efficiency. Improved methods and systems for more efficient removal of particulates from a raw synthesis gas while simultaneously providing a novel mechanism for fluxing agent addition to the gasification reactor. A conditioning agent, in the form of coarse fluxing agent particles, is added to the raw synthesis gas upstream from the particle filtration unit. The conditioning agent allows more rapid turnaround of the filtration unit following filter element replacement, extend filter life, facilitates the removal of filter cake from the particle filters, and combines with removed filter cake for recycling to the gasifier. Addition of fluxing agent via this route eliminates the need to premix fluxing agent with the carbonaceous feedstock, thereby maximizing the rate of feedstock addition to the gasification reactor.

A method solves a stochastic quadratic program (StQP) for a convex set with a set of general linear equalities and inequalities by an alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). The method determines an optimal solution, or certifies that no solution exists. The method optimizes a step size β for the ADMM. The method is accelerated using a conjugate gradient (CG) method. The StMPC problem is decomposed into two blocks. The first block corresponds to an equality constrained QP, and the second block corresponds to a projection onto the StMPC inequalities and anticipativity constraints. The StMPC problem can be decomposed into a set of time step problems, and then iterated between the time step problems to solve the decoupled problems until convergence.

The disclosure relates to a continuous or semi-continuous, cyclic, countercurrent sorption-desorption method for enhanced control, separation, and / or purification of CO2 gas from one or more sources of a mixture of gases through integrated use of solid monolithic sorbents having a sorption selectivity for the CO2 gas, wherein liquid phase water is added to increase the heat capacity of the mixed gas source(s) in order to achieve a thermal wave moving through the thickness of the sorbent material faster than the CO2 sorption wave.

It is an object of the invention to provide a method of producing a spark plug in which, in order to reduce the size of the spark plug, the diameter of a center electrode can be reduced while maintaining the heat dissipation property of the center electrode, and also such a spark plug. A columnar member 220 in which an outer skin member 21 made of a high refractory Ni alloy, and a core member 23 made of a copper alloy having a high thermal conductivity are clad, and which is columnarly extended can be configured by extrusion molding into a state where the thickness of the outer skin member 21 is substantially uniform (extrusion molding step). A flange portion 305 and a tip end portion 301 are formed in the columnar member 220 to obtain an electrode intermediate member 320 (tip end portion / flange portion forming step). In a middle trunk portion 303 of the electrode intermediate member 320, the thickness of the outer skin member 21 is maintained. The surface of the middle trunk portion 303 is cut or polished to reduce the thickness (middle trunk portion processing step), whereby the diameter of a center electrode 20 can be reduced while maintaining the outer diameter of the core member 23.

The invention belongs to the technical field of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and particularly relates to inorganic phosphorus solubilizing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria strain NG-33 and application thereof.The inorganic phosphorus solubilizing plant growth promoting rhizobacteria strain NG-33 is taxonomically named as Enterobacter cloacae NG-33 and preserved in the China Center for Type Culture Collection, and a preservation number of the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria strain NG-33 is CCTCC M 2016056.The plant growth promoting rhizobacteria strain NG-33 is obtained for the first time by screening and separating from soil of the Longgang National Natural Reserve in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and is capable of realizing high-yield gluconic acid and acetic acid, dissolving hardly-soluble inorganic phosphorus to increase soluble phosphorus content in soil, relieving phosphorus deficiency of plants and improving soil conditions, and accordingly plant growth is promoted.

A one step method and system for producing nanofluids by a nanoparticle-source evaporation and deposition of the evaporant into a base fluid. The base fluid such oil or ethylene glycol is placed in a rotating cylindrical drum having an adjustable heater-boat-evaporator and heat exchanger-cooler apparatus. As the drum rotates, a thin liquid layer is formed on the inside surface of the drum. An insulated heater-boat-evaporator having an evaporant material (nanoparticle-source) placed within its boat evaporator is adjustably positioned near a portion of the rotating thin liquid layer, the evaporant material being heated thereby evaporating a portion of the evaporant material and forming nanoparticles, the nanoparticles absorbed by the liquid film to form nanofluid.

An oxygen absorber for blending in a resin, comprising a mixed powder containing an iron powder, a metal halide and an alkaline substance, and having a half-peak width on a plane (110) of 0.20° / 2θ (Co—Kα) or less as measured by a powder X-ray diffraction method, a specific surface area of 0.5 m2 / g or more, and an average particle size of 1 to 40 μm. The oxygen absorber effectively suppresses the generation of hydrogen, features excellent safety, exhibits excellent oxygen-absorbing capability and offers an advantage of high productivity due to the suppressed occurrence of coarse particles in the step of producing the oxygen absorber.The oxygen-absorbing container has a layer comprising an oxygen-absorbing resin composition containing the oxygen absorber for blending in a resin of the invention, excellently preserves the content, exhibits good appearance with less ruggedness on the surface, and is free from such a probability of swelling or rupturing of the container due to the generation of hydrogen.

A fuel injection control apparatus of an internal combustion engine of the present invention performs control for a common rail diesel engine so that at a timing when a piston reaches compression top dead center, the rate of heat production due to the combustion of fuel injected in pre-injection is substantially maximal, and furthermore so that the combustion of fuel injected in main injection is started in the vicinity of this timing. As a result, the combustion of fuel injected in main injection is started by fully utilizing the heat production amount due to the pre-injection. Also, this avoids the production of reverse torque, as well as ensures maximizing the amount of torque produced by the combustion of fuel injected in main injection.

Recording data is produced from first image data corresponding to each pixel with a first number of gradations so as to supplied to a recording apparatus, which expresses each pixel with a number of gradations smaller than the first number of gradations. Second image data is produced by converting the first image data into a color space that can be output by the recording apparatus. Third image data is produced based on a second number of gradations of the second image data so that the third image data has a third number of gradations. The recording data is produced by applying a halftone process to the third image data. The third number of gradations of the third image data is adjusted to be equal to or larger than the second number of gradations of the second image data in accordance with a number of colors for each pixel used in the second image data.

To provide a method and an apparatus for feeding a zinc gas superheated to a boiling point of zinc or higher at a controlled rate of feed. The method for feeding the zinc gas according to the invention includes a step for introducing melt zinc into a zinc gas evaporation apparatus, a step for generating the zinc gas from the melt zinc by inputting electric power corresponding to a rate of feed of the zinc gas to allow zinc to cause self-heating by high-frequency induction heating, a step for introducing the generated zinc gas into a gas heating apparatus, and a step for heating the zinc gas by resistance heating to form a superheated zinc gas. An apparatus for feeding the zinc gas according to the invention is applied to the method, and includes a zinc gas evaporation apparatus, a gas heating apparatus and a control apparatus.