The invention belongs to the technical field of luminescent probes, and discloses a luminescent probe suitable for time resolution and a time resolution fluorescence detection system matched with theluminescent probe. The luminescent probe is a nanoparticle with a particle size no more than 200 nm. The nanoparticle comprises a rare earth matrix, major doping elements and other optional doping elements. The major doping elements are one or more selected from Yb, Er, Tm, Nd and Ho, and the other doping elements are one or more selected from Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy and Lu. According toa unique energy level structure of a rare earth material, after exciting of a certain energy level of the probe with suitable bands of short pulse lasers, and luminescence with the bands same as thebands of exciting light of the certain energy level is collected to achieve high signal-to-noise ratio and high sensitivity detection and imaging of biomolecules, cells, tissues or living samples.