The invention relates to a rare earth doped niobate single-crystal up-conversion luminescent material and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of up-conversion luminescentmaterials. The method comprises the following steps: A, preparing a polycrystalline material having a theoretical composition of yEr-K<x>Na<1-x>NbO<3> according to a molar ratio; B, preparing a crystal growth starting material according to a molar ratio; C, putting the crystal growth starting material into a growth crucible, and growing a Er-KNN single crystal by using a top seed crystal growth method at a temperature of 1000-1400 DEG C; D, performing annealing on the Er-KNN single crystal; and E, testing up-conversion luminescence properties of the product. The method provided by the invention can grow the large-sized Er-KNN single crystal, in particular, the up-conversion luminescence characteristics of the product disappear after vacuum annealing at a temperature of 400-600 DEG C, and the up-conversion luminescence intensity of the product is enhanced by nearly 20 times after oxygen annealing at a temperature of 700-800 DEG C; therefore, the Er-KNN single crystal provides a solid technical material basis for the fields such as oxygen sensors and optical waveguides.