The invention discloses a multi-wavelength light source-based Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer which comprises a multi-wavelength laser, a coupler, an electrooptical modulator, an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier, an optical filter, a circulator, a double-balanced detector and a signal acquiring and processing system, wherein continuous light of the multi-wavelength laser is divided into two paths, wherein one path is modulated into pulse light through the electrooptical modulator and the other path is modulated to obtain continuous light of a local oscillator through an electrooptical modulator sideband. Multi-wavelength detection pulse light is amplified by the erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier, subjected to spontaneous emission noise filtration by the optical filter and is injected into a sensing optical fiber by the circulator. Stokes Brillouin back scattering light in the sensing optical fiber is coherent with local oscillator light through the circulator, is subjected to photovoltaic conversion through the double-balanced detector and then is fed into the signal acquiring and processing system to obtain a Brillouin scattering spectrum on the whole optical fiber and further obtain the temperature and strain distribution on the optical fiber.