The invention discloses a pumping energy storage model test downstream water tank for simulating wave water level fluctuations. The water tank comprises a traction control system, a flow control system, a water tank main body, an overflow pipeline and a walking corridor. The traction control system consists of a motor support frame, a telescopic device, a PLC controller, a signal line, a flat water tank, a roller, a guide rail and a telescopic bellow. The flow control system consists of the PLC controller, a water pump, a hydration flow regulating valve, a drain flow regulating valve, a hydration drain pipe and a circulating water channel. During the model test, the PLC controller controls the telescopic device to drive the flat water tank to move up and down by a stroke signal so that thewater level of the downstream water tank can conduct sinusoidal fluctuations and random fluctuations with the flat water tank. The water tank is applicable to a seawater pumping energy storage modelpower station and a conventional model pumping energy storage power station with a large water level variation, and performs model test researches of transition processes of large fluctuations, smallfluctuations, hydraulic disturbances and the like and other related problems in a wave disturbance environment.