The invention discloses an in-service bridge bearing capacity evaluation method without resistance information. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, carrying out necessary investigation and detection to correctly estimate a possible automobile load grade of a bridge, establishing a finite element model to calculate standard values of a dead load effect and an automobile load effect, and further obtaining corresponding statistical parameters and a probability density function to establish a structure failure probability formula; a test load effect value meeting the target reliability index is inversely calculated through a failure probability formula, after the test working condition is implemented, the automobile load grade meeting the bearing capacity is directly evaluated according to the test result, and structural check calculation is not needed. According to the method, resistance information and check calculation are not needed, a field implementation program is basically the same as a load test, the cost is equivalent, the method has the advantages of simplicity, high efficiency and reliable result, the target reliability index and the continuous service life corresponding to the bearing capacity can be adjusted, different management and maintenance requirements are met, and the method has very high practicability and very high popularization value.