The invention belongs to the technical field of organic wastewater treatment, and particularly relates to an organic wastewater treatment device and system by utilizing solid adsorbent and low-temperature plasma desorption. The organic wastewater treatment device is composed of multi-tube parallel coaxial reaction chambers, a metal ground electrode electromagnetic shielding housing, an anode connecting ring, an insulation bracket and the like. The organic wastewater treatment system comprises the organic wastewater treatment device, a high-voltage nanosecond pulse power supply, an air pump, a water pump, an oxygen cylinder, a water storage tank, a gas phase detector and a water quality detector. According to the organic wastewater treatment device and the organic wastewater treatment system, in the condition that other chemical medicines are not introduced, a high-voltage nanosecond pulse technique and low-temperature plasma formed by dielectric barrier discharge are used as technical cores, the adsorption characteristics of the solid adsorbent on organic pollutants in wastewater and the electrical characteristic of easy gas discharge of an interior porous structure are utilized, electric energy is used as unique operating cost, and degradation treatment on the organic wastewater is greenly and efficiently performed. A plurality of reaction chambers are alternately used, so that the industrial actual demand of continuous treatment of the organic wastewater is achieved.