The invention relates to the technical field of semiconductors, and discloses a semiconductor device with a self-adaptive heat dissipation function. The semiconductor device comprises a main board, a processor is arranged at the top of the main board, a heat conduction block sleeves the surface of the processor, the top of the processor is in contact with the bottom of a heat conduction plate, a fan is fixedly connected to the front part of the heat conduction block, the inner wall of the heat conduction plate is rotatably connected with cooling fins, the inner walls of the cooling fins are rotatably connected with a telescopic plate, the surfaces of the cooling fins are provided with a cleaning mechanism, and an air bag is arranged between the telescopic plate and the heat conduction plate. According to the semiconductor device of the invention, when the temperature of the processor rises, the air bag is heated and expands, due to the vertical limiting on the air bag by the telescopic plate, the air bag expands towards the two sides and pushes the cooling fins on the two sides to unfold, the direct contact area between the cooling fins and air can be increased, self-adaptive cooling can be achieved under the condition that the rotating speed of a fan is not changed, convenience is achieved, and energy consumption of a power source does not need to be increased.