67 results about "Diamagnetism" patented technology

The invention provides a magnetic memory and a preparation method thereof. The magnetic memory comprises a plurality of memory units, at least part of the memory units are arranged along a first direction, and each memory unit comprises a magnetic tunnel junction; at least part of the magnetic shielding structure is located between the adjacent storage units in the first direction, and the magnetic shielding structure and the adjacent storage units are arranged at intervals; wherein the magnetic shielding structures and the adjacent storage units are arranged at intervals. Due to the fact that the magnetic shielding structure is arranged between every two adjacent storage units, the storage area can be saved through the design, meanwhile, the magnetic shielding structures can prevent the storage units from making contact with the magnetic shielding structures to cause short circuit, and the storage units have the anti-magnetic characteristic of an opposite internal magnetic field. Therefore, the magnetic memory has the diamagnetic properties of a vertical magnetic field and an in-plane magnetic field, the diamagnetic capability of the magnetic memory is improved, and the reliability of the magnetic memory in a magnetic field environment is further improved.

The invention discloses a method for enhancing coalbed methane recovery efficiency by an external magnetic field, which comprises the following steps of: arranging a plurality of electrified coils or magnetic field generators connected with a power supply in a coalbed to generate an alternating magnetic field in the coalbed; cH4 molecules show diamagnetism under the action of a magnetic field, a repulsive effect is generated in a coal seam, and the adsorption effect of CH4 and a coal body is weakened; and on the other hand, as the coal body contains ferromagnetic or paramagnetic minerals, the alternating magnetic field excites the annular eddy current in the coal body through electromagnetic induction so as to generate Joule heat. Therefore, coal matrix expansion and microfracture expansion can be induced by temperature rise of the coal body, the permeability of the coal body is further improved, and more channels are provided for CH4 desorption and flowing; the clean, efficient and environment-friendly coal bed gas exploitation method is provided on the basis of superposition of multiple production increasing mechanisms, and a new technical approach is provided for exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources.

The invention discloses a method capable of reducing the refrigeration interval of rare earth fluoride, and belongs to the field of magnetic functional materials. According to the method, diamagnetic ions K < + > are added into rare earth fluoride to reduce magnetic interaction among rare earth ions, so that a magnetic phase transformation point moves to a lower-temperature region, and a lower magnetic ordered temperature and a lower refrigeration interval are obtained while large magnetic entropy change is ensured. The series of materials are LnF3 (Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm) powder samples and KLn1. 4F5.2 powder samples obtained after K < + > ions are introduced. In order to explore the influence of the addition of K < + > on the magnetic ordered temperature, a 100Oe variable magnetic field is respectively applied to the series of materials. The introduction of K < + > enables the Curivus temperature of the material to be obviously reduced to 3K or below. By comparing the effects of K < + > with different contents on the overall performance of the material, the optimal ratio of K / Gd is found, and under the optimal ratio of LnF3 series samples, before and after the K < + > is introduced, the changes of theta CW values are 4.34 to 2.04 K, 5.31 to 1.76 K, 8.31 to 2.54 K, 14.74 to 1.73 K and 3.59 to 1.75 K in sequence.

The invention discloses an anti-electromagnetic interference full-view liquid crystal display screen module, which relates to the field of liquid crystal display modules, and comprises a display screen assembly, which comprises a display screen body, a frame part arranged in the display screen body, and a main structure shielding bag arranged in the frame part; the shielding assembly comprises an electromagnetic shielding part arranged in the frame part, a special-shaped diamagnetic part arranged in the electromagnetic shielding part and a diamagnetic film part arranged on the outer side of the frame part; the opening and closing assembly is used for adjusting the position between the electromagnetic shielding component and the frame component, the structure enables the ends of the multiple special-shaped anti-magnetic strips to be folded towards the main structure shielding bag, so that the anti-magnetic performance is enhanced, when electromagnetic interference is light, the special-shaped anti-magnetic strips achieve anti-magnetism through the structures of the special-shaped anti-magnetic strips, and according to the difference of the electromagnetic interference, the anti-magnetic performance is improved. When the sliding plate slides, different sliding depths of the sliding plate can be affected, so that the sliding length of the movable strip is controlled, the rotating angle of the special-shaped anti-magnetic strip is affected, and different anti-magnetic effects are achieved.

The present application relates to a kind of for the radiation protection detection in nuclear magnetic machine room, including: shielding sleeve box, by diamagnetic material is made, for shielding external static magnetic field, its internal cavity shape is adapted according to the shape of the used patrol instrument;Ray detection mesh, set up on shielding sleeve box corresponding to the position of patrol instrument probe, by diamagnetic material is made, allow X or gamma ray to penetrate;Instrument data reading mesh, set up on shielding sleeve box corresponding to the position of patrol instrument display screen, by diamagnetic material is made, allow detection personnel to read data directly visually;The import and export of instrument that can be closed, be set on shielding sleeve box, and be equipped with the sealing cover made of diamagnetic material, for the input and output of patrol instrument, the sealing cover is in closed state when detecting.The present application solves the phenomenon that the radiation diagnosis and treatment machine room adjacent place is the radiation protection detection difficult to implement for nuclear magnetic resonance machine room.

Systems and methods are provided for separating or filtering magnetic nano scale particles (e.g., such as dysprosium (Dy), iron (Fe), yttrium (Y), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and others) at the industrial scale with minimum energy consumption. A continuous, scalable flow system can be applied equally to the separation of paramagnetic particles and diamagnetic particles. The system can be continuous in the sense that the fluid can be continuously circulated through the separation chamber and, depending on the operating conditions, may not require multiple separation steps. At the same time, the system can be scaled up to industrial applications to separate magnetic particles from a large volume of fluids, for example at a rate of a few cubic meters per hour (m3 / hr).

The present invention discloses an indirect heat conduction bending device and method for a core rod of a diamagnetic material, and relates to the technical field of pipe bending equipment, including a bending die for bending a formed pipe, a spherical bearing for driving the bending die to move on an XY plane under the control of an X-axis and Y-axis servo motor, a guide mechanism for pressing and guiding the formed pipe, and a propulsion mechanism for pushing the formed pipe to move along the guide mechanism. The input end of the propulsion mechanism is connected to a Z-axis motor for providing power therefor. The present invention uses electromagnetic induction to heat the core rod to its Curie temperature. During the bending process, the core rod of the universal ball joint contacts the inner wall of the pipe to realize heat conduction heating of the pipe by the core rod. Hot forming of difficult-to-deform materials can reduce the forming difficulty of the pipe during the cold forming process, and the deformation resistance of the pipe can be reduced by the action of thermal stress. While improving the forming limit of the pipe, it effectively solves the defects of thickening and instability of the inner wall of the pipe, and improves the forming quality.

Provided herein are compositions comprising substrates that contain polymeric materials or non-magnetic, paramagnetic, or diamagnetic metal objects, and films or inks that contain ferromagnetic materials in which the films or the ferromagnetic materials are transparent. Also provided herein are methods of fabricating the substrates. Further provided herein are ferromagnetic material films containing transparent or translucent films that comprises ferromagnetic materials. The coating imparts functionality to the film such that the film is capable of being mechanically separated from the polymeric materials or non-magnetic, paramagnetic, or diamagnetic metal objects using a commercial magnetic separator. The transparent, food-safe ink composition, which can be printed using high-speed flexographic, gravure, intaglio, offset printing or pad printing consists of an ingestible magnetically susceptible pigment capable of rendering the printed template with magnetically active properties.

Disclosed herein is an apparatus for separation of diamagnetic particles of sub-micron diameter from a fluid. The disclosed apparatus includes a first magnetic coil including a hollow center and a separation unit including an outer enclosure and a second magnetic coil. The second magnetic coil includes a single-layer of windings of a magnetic wire and at least one nonmagnetic wire on a nonmagnetic core where the first magnetic coil houses the separation unit in the hollow inner center. Also disclosed herein is a method of using the apparatus.

This invention belongs to the field of passive drive technology and relates to a three-dimensional passive drive system based on magnetic climbing effect and magnetic synchronous belt, including a working unit, a magnetic attraction unit, a load-moving unit, and a control unit. This invention achieves periodic magnetic coupling between the alternating first ferromagnetic strip and the first non-magnetic strip or the first diamagnetic strip on the drive rod and the permanent magnet synchronous belt on the outside of the cylinder. Only a single drive component is needed to efficiently convert rotational motion into step-like rotation of the magnetic synchronous belt, thereby driving the ferromagnetic rod adsorbed on its surface to move the load stage precisely and controllably horizontally and vertically within the sealed enclosure. Simultaneously, the adsorption switching direction of the ferromagnetic rod is controlled by top electromagnetic assistance, achieving three-dimensional passive precision drive without contact or through holes. This not only significantly simplifies structural complexity, reduces manufacturing costs and space occupation, but also greatly reduces energy consumption and enables the system to maintain positional stability through magnetic adsorption when static.

A kind of abrasive particle multi-parameter on-line monitoring device and method, belong to mechanical equipment wear monitoring technical field, including inductance monitoring module, imaging monitoring module, paramagnetic magnetophoresis separation device, collection cleaning device, system processor.Inductance monitoring module detects the magnetic field disturbance generated when abrasive particle passes, obtains the size, number and ferromagnetic property of abrasive particle, is transmitted to system processor;Imaging monitoring module is triggered according to the inductance pulse signal of inductance monitoring module by system processor, and the shape and size information of abrasive particle are obtained by imaging abrasive particle;Paramagnetic magnetophoresis separation device is used to separate paramagnetic and diamagnetic abrasive particle, and is connected with collection cleaning device.The present application can obtain the information of multiple abrasive particles simultaneously, has the advantages of anti-bubble interference, high response sensitivity, can distinguish paramagnetic and diamagnetic, can multiple information authentication, etc.;The specific occurrence site of mechanical fault and its severity, wear mechanism can be analyzed and confirmed, to ensure that equipment is safe and efficient operation.

The present invention relates to the field of stainless steel and discloses a high-diamagnetic stainless steel and a preparation method thereof. The high-diamagnetic stainless steel comprises the following raw materials in percentage: 0.01%-0.03% carbon, 0.2%-0.3% silicon, 11.5%-12.3% manganese, ≤0.04% phosphorus, ≤0.03% sulfur, 10%-14% nickel, 18.0%-20% chromium, 0.1%-1% copper, 0.15%-0.2% nitrogen, 1%-2% titanium, 1%-3% niobium, and 2%-3% molybdenum, with the remainder being iron. Nickel is a key element for the formation and stabilization of austenite. The presence of a large amount of nickel promotes the formation of a stable austenite structure. The good diamagnetic properties of the austenite phase are the basic guarantee, thereby solving the problem that conventional stainless steel generates significant magnetism after deep drawing, causing such materials to fail magnetic inspections in various transportation vehicles and supermarkets.

The invention relates to the technical field of superconducting material detection, and discloses a superconducting material detection device and a detection method thereof.The device comprises a detection table, the detection table is divided into a preparation area and a detection area, a first outlet and a second outlet are formed in the detection table, and a feeding assembly and a cooling assembly are arranged in the preparation area. The temperature and the magnetic field intensity of the superconducting material body are kept constant, under the condition, the magnetic suspension height of the superconducting material body directly reflects whether the diamagnetic performance is qualified or not, namely the intensity of the Meissner effect, and the first detection plate and the second detection plate are ingeniously arranged on the rotating passing path of the superconducting material body. Whether the diamagnetism of the superconducting material body is qualified or not is automatically judged based on the suspension height of the superconducting material body in the magnetic field, so that the detection result is more visual and easy to understand, complex instrument measurement is not needed, and the superconducting material body can be directly classified.

The invention discloses a device for heating high-temperature particles through electromagnetic induction. An electromagnetic induction heating coil is wound on the outer wall of a diamagnetic pipe attached with a thermal insulation material. And the induction heated particles are filled in the diamagnetic pipe and are stacked to form a porous flow channel. The electromagnetic induction heating coil is electrified to generate an alternating magnetic field, the induction heated particles are heated by the eddy current effect in the alternating magnetic field, the ceramic particles flow in the porous flow channel under the action of self gravity, and flow and radiation heat exchange are carried out on the ceramic particles and the induction heated particles, so that the purpose of heating the ceramic particles is achieved. The induction heated particles are made of ferromagnetic materials or graphite and are spherical. The lower portion of the diamagnetic pipe is provided with a supporting separation net which is used for supporting and fixing induction heated particles, and meanwhile it is guaranteed that ceramic particles smoothly flow through. The heating device can absorb unstable new energy electric power such as wind power and photovoltaic power, realizes high-temperature heat storage, and is applied to the energy fields of thermal power generation, industrial steam production, heat supply and the like.

The invention relates to a method and a sensor assembly for non-destructively measuring the thickness of a coating formed on a substrate of a workpiece, in which a first coating made of an electrically conductive and diamagnetic or paramagnetic material is optionally disposed over a second coating made of a ferromagnetic material, the method comprises the steps of: (a) placing an inductive sensor head in proximity to a workpiece; (b) measuring an inductance at a plurality of frequencies within a frequency range to obtain an inductance spectrum, and measuring an inductance at a predetermined frequency at a lower third of the frequency range or below a lower limit of the frequency range; (c) determining a characteristic frequency according to the inductance spectrum, wherein the characteristic frequency is the frequency when the phase angle of the inductor is-90 degrees; (d) calculating the thickness of the first coating according to the characteristic frequency; and (e) calculating the thickness of the second coating according to the inductance at the predetermined frequency and the calculated thickness of the first coating.

Systems and methods are provided for separating or filtering magnetic nanoscale particles (e.g., such as dysprosium (Dy), iron (Fe), yttrium (Y), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and others) at the industrial scale with minimum energy consumption. A continuous, scalable flow system can be applied equally to the separation of paramagnetic particles and diamagnetic particles. The system can be continuous in the sense that the fluid can be continuously circulated through the separation chamber and, depending on the operating conditions, may not require multiple separation steps. At the same time, the system can be scaled up to industrial applications to separate magnetic particles from a large volume of fluids, for example at a rate of a few cubic meters per hour (m3 / hr).

The invention discloses a rotor suspension driving structure and method and a motor, and belongs to the technical field of magnetic suspension drive.The rotor suspension driving structure comprises a rotor suspension assembly and a rotor rotation driving assembly which are arranged on the two radial sides of a rotor, and working air gaps are formed between the rotor suspension assembly and the rotor rotation driving assembly and the rotor; the rotor is made of diamagnetic materials, the rotor suspension assembly below the rotor adopts a permanent magnet array and can be arranged in an Opposite or Halbach mode, passive and stable suspension support is provided for the rotor through magnetic repulsive force, the ratio of the suspension force to the gravity of the rotor is increased along with reduction of the scale, the miniature design of the bearing can be achieved, meanwhile, extra space is not occupied, and the bearing is more compact in structure and more compact in structure. And the size requirement of the motor can be further reduced.

The invention discloses an abrasive particle multi-parameter online monitoring device and method, and belongs to the technical field of mechanical equipment wear monitoring, and the abrasive particle multi-parameter online monitoring device comprises an inductance monitoring module, an imaging monitoring module, a parametric diamagnetic magnetophoresis separation device, a collecting and cleaning device and a system processor. The inductance monitoring module detects magnetic field disturbance generated when the abrasive particles pass through, obtains the sizes, the number and the ferromagnetic properties of the abrasive particles and transmits the sizes, the number and the ferromagnetic properties to the system processor; the imaging monitoring module is triggered by the system processor according to the inductance pulse signal of the inductance monitoring module to image the abrasive particles and obtain the shape and size information of the abrasive particles; and the paramagnetic and diamagnetic magnetophoresis separation device is used for separating paramagnetic and diamagnetic abrasive particles and is connected with the collecting and cleaning device. According to the invention, information of a plurality of abrasive particles can be obtained at the same time, and the method has the advantages of bubble interference resistance, high response sensitivity, capability of distinguishing paramagnetism, capability of multi-information verification and the like; the method can analyze and confirm the specific occurrence part, the severity and the abrasion mechanism of the mechanical fault, and guarantees the safe and efficient operation of the equipment.

The utility model provides a reaction kettle. A reaction kettle body of the reaction kettle is provided with a closed space; the stirring device is positioned in the closed space of the reaction kettle body and is used for stirring reaction turbid liquid in the reaction kettle body; the base is arranged on the inner wall of the closed space of the reaction kettle body; the surface of the metal film tube is provided with a diamagnetic coating, and the diamagnetic coating is used for inhibiting magnetic adsorption of a chelating agent to the metal film tube; the metal film tube is arranged on the base and is used for filtering a reaction turbid solution in the reaction kettle body to obtain a reaction clear solution. The diamagnetic coating is arranged on the surface of the metal film tube of the reaction kettle, and the diamagnetic coating is used for inhibiting the magnetic adsorption effect of the chelating agent on the metal film tube, so that the chelating agent is prevented from being adsorbed on the surface of the metal film tube and in the filtering holes of the metal film tube to influence the filtering effect of the metal film tube. When the metal film pipe is cleaned, the metal film pipe can be easily cleaned, the cleaning frequency of the metal film pipe is reduced, and the productivity of the reaction kettle is improved.

Magnetic angular sensor element destined to sense an external magnetic field, including a magnetic tunnel junction containing a ferromagnetic pinned layer having a pinned magnetization, a ferromagnetic sensing layer, and a tunnel magnetoresistance barrier layer; the ferromagnetic sensing layer including a first sensing layer being in direct contact with the barrier layer and having a first sensing magnetization, a second sensing layer having a second sense magnetization, and a metallic spacer between the first sensing layer and the second sensing layer; wherein the metallic spacer is configured to provide an antiferromagnetic coupling between the first sensing magnetization and the second sensing magnetization such that the first sensing magnetization is oriented substantially antiparallel to the second sensing magnetization; the second sensing magnetization being larger than the first sensing magnetization, such that the second sensing magnetization is oriented in accordance with the direction of the external magnetic field.

A transmission line structure and a fabricating method of the same are provided. The transmission line structure includes a dielectric layer, a magnet member and a diamagnetism transmission line. The dielectric layer has a transmission cavity. The transmission cavity has an inner wall. The magnet member is disposed in the transmission cavity and is fixed to the inner wall. The magnet member generates a magnetic field. The diamagnetism transmission line can repel the magnetic field to be levitated in the transmission cavity.

To provide a speaker attachment structure capable of realizing suppression of a vibration transmission from a speaker and an improvement of an attachment rigidity.SOLUTION: A speaker attachment structure in which a speaker having a flange part is fixed to a plate member having a fixing hole comprises a reinforcement control member that suppresses vibration transmission from the speaker and reinforces an attachment rigidity. The reinforcement control member includes: a reinforce part that is interposed to between the flange part of the speaker and a fixing hole circumference part of the plate member; and a plate-thickness change part that is extended to a shaft side of the speaker of the reinforcement part. In the plate-thickness change part, a plate-thickness is reduced in an extension direction; its tip end forms a free end; and it is formed of a paramagnetic material, a diamagnetic material, or an antiferromagnetic material. A control vibration material is provided to its tip end part. The following relation is satisfied where the plate thickness of the plate-thickness change part is h(x)=ε*xn+hO (x is a distance (mm) from the tip end; h(x) is a plate thickness (mm) in the distance x from the tip end; hO is a thickness (mm) of the tip end; ε is a positive constant number; and n is an actual value of one or more).SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

The invention provides a tunnel magnetoresistance magnetic detector with out-of-plane magnetic field detection capability, which comprises a superconducting shielding layer which is of a rectangular superconducting thin film structure, and the direction of an external magnetic field perpendicular to the superconducting shielding layer is changed into the direction parallel to the superconducting shielding layer by utilizing the complete diamagnetism of a superconductor; the two tunnel magnetoresistors are located in edge areas on the two sides below the superconducting shielding layer respectively, the size of each tunnel magnetoresistor is smaller than that of the superconducting shielding layer, and the two tunnel magnetoresistors are the same in magnetic sensitive direction, parallel to the thin film plane of the superconducting shielding layer and used for detecting the magnetic field intensity parallel to the superconducting layer direction; the differential amplifier is used for amplifying differential signals of the two tunnel magnetoresistors; and the signal acquisition system is used for acquiring and processing the amplified differential signals of the two tunnel magnetoresistors. The problem that an existing tunnel magnetoresistor is difficult to detect a magnetic field in the out-of-plane direction is solved.

Embodiments provided herein include rotatable magnets (e.g., spherical dipole magnets) disposed within sets of coils that can be used to operate the magnets as reaction / momentum “spheres” and / or as control moment gyroscopes. The coils are able to exert three-dimensional torques onto the magnet in order to effect attitude control of a satellite or other system. The coils can also optionally exert translational forces onto the magnet in order to maintain the magnet in position and avoid contact with static components. Diamagnetic materials can also be included to provide stabilizing repulsive magnetic forces to maintain the magnet in position and / or to reduce the necessary performance of the coils with respect to applying stabilizing translational forces.

The invention relates to an electric sensor (10) for a coherent longitudinal electromagnetic wave emitted by a biological object (1), the sensor comprising a tubular casing (11) comprising a barrel (12) having a front end (13) that is open and a rear end (14) that is closed on the upstream pole of a bipolar switch (15), wherein the downstream pole of the bipolar switch (13) is connected to a potential charge collector (16) made of diamagnetic material, preferably copper. The invention also relates to a system comprising an electrometer designed to co-operate with this sensor (10), and to a measurement method implementing the sensor and the electrometer.

The demonstration device for the magnetic susceptibility difference of different fluid substances in the magnetic field comprises a support, a container supporting disc, a magnet disc, a powerful magnet, a supporting rod, an equipment support, a glass container and video recording equipment, the container supporting disc is installed on the upper portion of the support, and the glass container is arranged on the container supporting disc. Multiple layers of magnet disc height adjusting supporting blocks are symmetrically arranged on the two sides of the lower portion of the support respectively, the magnet disc is erected on the two magnet disc height adjusting supporting blocks of any layer height, the powerful magnet is located below the glass container and installed on the magnet disc, and the bottom of the supporting rod is installed on one side of the support. One end of the device support is in threaded connection with the top of the supporting rod through a bolt and nut assembly I. The video recording device is installed at the other end of the device support. According to the utility model, the paramagnetism and diamagnetism phenomena of different fluid substances can be effectively detected and analyzed, and a simple, visual and accurate means is provided for the research of the magnetic characteristics of the fluid substances.

The invention relates to a time-domain electromagnetic magnetization effect three-dimensional numerical simulation method for diamagnetic metal ores, which comprises the following steps: introducing a Cole-Cole fractional order magnetic susceptibility model into a Maxwell equation set, adopting a time-domain approximation algorithm and a finite difference algorithm to realize discrete calculation of time-domain magnetic induction intensity, and approximating each partial derivative term of a control equation to obtain a time-domain electromagnetic magnetization effect model; and deriving an iterative equation of each component of the electric field and the magnetic field. An electric and magnetic field iteration process with a Maxwell equation set as a control equation is optimized, and finally three-dimensional numerical simulation of the induced magnetization effect of the diamagnetic metal ore is achieved. The invention aims to provide a time-domain electromagnetic induction magnetization effect three-dimensional numerical simulation technology based on diamagnetic metal ores in order to solve the problem that time-domain response characteristics of diamagnetic ore bodies are not clear in existing electromagnetic method detection, and discloses an induction magnetization multi-effect field coupling mechanism generated by underground complex diamagnetic ore bodies. And the diamagnetic metal mine detection precision is improved.

The present invention provides an electrolytic cell suitable for electrolysing certain inorganic compounds of alkali and alkaline earth (Group 1 and Group 2) metals in their molten state. The cell (100) comprises a vessel (102) for containing a molten electrolyte, an anode (10) and a cathode (70) both inside the vessel (102), and a source (20) of a magnetic field having a gradient with a positive component in a direction (– x) from the anode (10) to the cathode (70), such that the strength of the magnetic field increases from the anode (10) to the cathode (70). The rest of the electrolytic cell (100), apart from the source of the magnetic field, including at least both the vessel (102) and the anode (10), consists of material having a magnetic susceptibility with an absolute value of less than 10-2. Thus the rest of the electrolytic cell, which is made of diamagnetic and / or paramagnetic material(s), does not affect the magnetic field between the anode (10) and the cathode (70) to any appreciable extent in comparison to the same magnetic field in free space. The source of the magnetic field between the anode (10) and the cathode (70) may either be a permanent magnet (20) located outside the vessel (102) adjacent to the cathode (70), or it may be provided by permanently magnetizing the cathode (70) itself. In the latter case, the cathode comprises an electrically conducting "hard" ferromagnetic material with a high Curie temperature. In the former case, the cathode instead consists of an electrically conducting material also having a magnetic susceptibility with an absolute value of less than 10-2, so as not to affect the magnetic field from the permanent magnet (20) located outside the vessel (102). In either case, if such a cell (100) is used to electrolyse a halide of an alkali metal, a halide of an alkaline earth metal except beryllium or a hydroxide of an alkali metal in their molten state, the magnetic field between the anode (10) and the cathode (70) inhibits a back-reaction between the electrolysis products formed at the anode (10) and cathode (70), thereby improving the energy efficiency of the cell. A plurality of such cells (100) may also be arranged with just one permanent magnet (20) as the source of the magnetic field between the anode (10) and cathode (70) inside the respective vessels (102) of two adjacent electrolytic cells (100), thereby halving the total number of magnetized components which are used. [Fig. 4A]

To provide a method that enables simpler and more efficient separation of transition metals that frequently exhibit chemical or physical similarity.SOLUTION: This invention provides a method in which, from a solution containing at least two transition metals (one being selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel, and iron), each transition metal is precipitated respectively as a ferromagnetic metal and as a paramagnetic or diamagnetic material, and is then separated by utilizing their magnetic differences.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 9

Disclosed herein is an apparatus for separation of diamagnetic particles of sub-micron diameter from a fluid. The disclosed apparatus includes a first magnetic coil including a hollow center and a separation unit including an outer enclosure and a second magnetic coil. The second magnetic coil includes a single-layer of windings of a magnetic wire and at least one nonmagnetic wire on a nonmagnetic core where the first magnetic coil houses the separation unit in the hollow inner center. Also disclosed herein is a method of using the apparatus.