156 results about "Quaternary amine" patented technology

The invention discloses an impact-resistant industrial coating and a manufacturing method thereof, and relates to the technical field of industrial coatings. The impact-resistant industrial coating comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 80-100 parts of epoxy resin, 2-5 parts of graphene oxide, 3-5 parts of an antistatic agent, 5-8 parts of a modified thickener, 1-3 parts of a dispersant, 0.5-1.5 parts of a leveling agent, 2-3 parts of an antioxidant, 8-12 parts of a curing agent and 100-140 parts of deionized water. The preparation method comprises the following steps: reacting polyethylene glycol diethylene oxide methyl ether with 2-(methacrylic acid) ethyl ester 3, 5-diaminobenzoic acid to generate a polymer; reacting the polymer with 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propanethiol to generate a tertiary amine-terminated polymer; and carrying out quaternization reaction on the tertiary amine-terminated polymer and bromododecane to obtain the antistatic agent. The impact-resistant industrial coating prepared by the invention has excellent antistatic property and rheological property.

The invention provides a method for accurately regulating and controlling pores of an MXene material by utilizing a phosphonic acid ligand, which mainly comprises the following key steps of: directionally removing a main group element (A) layer of an MAX precursor by wet etching to obtain lamellar MXene, and then introducing a protonated quaternary amine compound intercalator to strip the MXene. And finally, carrying out functional modification and conversion by adopting a phosphonic acid ligand, and stably introducing phosphonic acid groups between layers and on the surface of MXene through solvothermal reaction to realize accurate regulation and control of interlayer spacing. The prepared material can realize efficient adsorption of uranyl in an acidic environment, shows high selectivity, high adsorption capacity and good acid stability and regeneration capacity to uranyl, provides a stable and efficient selective adsorption solution for treating high-acidity uranium-containing nuclear wastewater, and has a remarkable industrial application prospect.

The invention relates to the technical field of functional polymer materials and environmental pollution control, in particular to hydrogen bond self-assembled bio-based aerogel as well as a preparation method and application thereof. Quaternized chitosan and tannic acid are self-assembled in a water phase through hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interaction to form a three-dimensional network structure, no cross-linking agent or organic solvent is added, the specific surface area of the bio-based aerogel BET is 2-10 m / g, and through the strong electrostatic adsorption effect between cationic groups in the quaternized chitosan and anionic dye molecules (such as Congo red), the cationic groups in the quaternized chitosan and the anionic dye molecules (such as Congo red) are separated from the anionic dye molecules. The material shows excellent dye removal efficiency and adsorption capacity under the conditions of normal temperature and normal pressure and hydrogen bonds provided by rich phenolic hydroxyl groups in tannic acid molecules and a pi-pi accumulation effect, the aerogel can quickly adsorb anionic dye, the adsorption process is efficient, the selectivity is high, the structure is stable, and the aerogel is degradable and can be applied to the field of dye adsorption. And the method has good reproducibility and repeated use stability, and has wide practical application and popularization prospects.

The cross-linked anion exchange membrane based on styrene copolymerized vinylbenzyl chloride has high ionic conductivity and high mechanical strength. According to the technical scheme, the crosslinking process and the membrane forming process are synchronously carried out, the difficulty of casting and membrane laying is not increased while a crosslinking structure is constructed, and the anion exchange membrane has the characteristics of high ionic conductivity and high mechanical strength and is suitable for large-area casting membrane preparation. In addition, the preparation method in the technical scheme is simple in process and relatively low in cost, and has relatively good industrialization potential. The invention relates to a cross-linked anion exchange membrane based on styrene copolymerized vinylbenzyl chloride. The chain structure of the cross-linked anion exchange membrane is as shown in the following formula: # imgabs0 #, wherein A is a unit containing a quaternary amine structure or an imidazolium structure; and B is a unit of a biquaternary amine group with a double-bond alkyl chain, or a unit of an imidazole group with a double-bond alkyl chain.

The invention relates to the technical field of hydrogel materials, and discloses an oxygen-permeable silicon hydrogel material for contact lenses and a preparation method thereof.The preparation method comprises the steps that ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether and bis (2-chloroethyl) amine hydrochloride are subjected to a ring-opening reaction, and an intermediate product 1, 2-propylene glycol is obtained; carrying out substitution and hydrolysis reaction on the polyalkenyl quaternary ammonium salt and diethyl iminodiacetate to obtain an intermediate product 2, and carrying out quaternization reaction on the intermediate product 2 and chloropropene by utilizing a tertiary amine structure contained in the intermediate product 2 to obtain the polyalkenyl quaternary ammonium salt. And finally, carrying out polymerization reaction on the silicon hydrogel, hydroxyethyl methylacrylate, gamma-(methacryloyloxy) propyltrimethoxysilane and vinyl-terminated dimethyl polysiloxane, putting the obtained product into a contact lens half mold for reaction, and demolding to obtain the oxygen-permeable silicon hydrogel material. The hydrogel material prepared in the invention has good hydrophilic effect and oxygen permeation effect, and can be widely applied to contact lenses.

The invention provides a powerful heavy oil stain cleaning agent and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of cleaning agents. The cleaning agent is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass: 70 to 90 percent of water, 0.2 to 1.0 percent of tetrasodium glutamate diacetate, 0.2 to 1.0 percent of coconut alkyl quaternary amine ethoxylate, 1.0 to 3.0 percent of C9-11 fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether, 1.0 to 5.0 percent of fatty ether nonionic surfactant, 1.0 to 8.0 percent of polyol solvent, 1.0 to 5.0 percent of monoethanolamine, 0.5 to 2.0 percent of sodium hydroxide and 0.1 to 0.3 percent of essence. The powerful heavy oil stain cleaning agent is good in cleaning effect, small in damage to cleaned objects and good in environmental protection performance.

The invention provides a low-energy-consumption preparation process of tetramethylammonium bicarbonate, and relates to the technical field of chemical synthesis. The preparation process comprises the following steps: inputting trimethylamine, dimethyl carbonate and a solvent methanol into a reactive distillation tower, carrying out a quaternization reaction to generate methyl carbonate tetramethylammonium, and carrying out a hydrolysis reaction on a first liquid phase obtained by rectification and water vapor to generate TMAB; the reacted material is input into a methanol removal tower for rectification, an obtained second gas phase is heated and pressurized, one part of the second gas phase is input into a subsequent methanol recovery tower, the other part of the second gas phase exchanges heat with water to generate steam, the steam is input into a tower kettle of the methanol removal tower, and high-purity methanol is extracted from the side of the methanol recovery tower. The number of reaction equipment is reduced, and the energy utilization rate is increased; the steam grade is improved by utilizing a heat pump technology, and steam latent heat is integrated between the methanol removal tower and the methanol recovery tower through thermal coupling, so that the overall process energy consumption is remarkably reduced while the product quality is ensured.

The invention provides a preparation method of small-particle-size narrow-distribution double-group anion exchange resin. The preparation method comprises the following steps: respectively preparing an oil-phase mixed solution and a water-phase mixed solution; carrying out heating reaction on the two materials under a magnetic stirring condition to obtain superfine resin white balls; the superfine resin white balls are prepared into chloromethylated superfine resin white balls, then primary amination treatment is carried out, quaternary amine groups are grafted, and the double-group superfine anion exchange resin is obtained. The small-particle-size narrow-distribution double-group anion exchange resin of which the effective particle size is less than 50 microns and the uniformity coefficient is less than 1.5 is prepared through the synergistic dispersion effect of the polyvinyl alcohol and the sodium hexametaphosphate and the uniform shearing effect of magnetic stirring.

The invention belongs to the technical field of imidazoline surfactant preparation, and discloses high-stability salt-free imidazoline as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding molten fatty acid and hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine into a loop reactor, and reacting in nitrogen to obtain an imidazoline intermediate; carrying out hydrolysis reaction on the imidazoline intermediate and water to obtain a hydrolysis product; and carrying out quaternization reaction on the hydrolysate, a basic catalyst and an acrylic acid compound to obtain a quaternization reaction product, adding alkali liquor into the quaternization reaction product, and reacting to obtain the salt-free imidazoline. According to the preparation method disclosed by the invention, the materials realize self-circulation reaction in the loop reactor, and compared with a traditional kettle type stirring process, the mass transfer and heat transfer efficiency is greatly enhanced, the reaction time is short, and the energy consumption is low; the by-product water is cyclically removed in the loop reactor by adopting a nitrogen system, vacuum control dehydration is not needed, the raw material loss is reduced, and the process operation is relatively simple.

The invention discloses a zwitter-ion cross-linked graphene oxide nanofiltration membrane and a preparation method thereof. The nanofiltration membrane is prepared by synthesizing a zwitter-ion cross-linking agent, mixing the zwitter-ion cross-linking agent and a graphene oxide nanosheet dispersion liquid, and carrying out ultrasonic treatment, suction filtration and thermal cross-linking. The invention also discloses a preparation method and application of the nanofiltration membrane. The preparation method comprises the following steps: taking a macroporous polymer membrane as a supporting layer, loading a zwitterionic cross-linking agent and graphene oxide on the supporting layer in a vacuum suction filtration manner, and carrying out thermal cross-linking to obtain the zwitterionic cross-linked graphene oxide nanofiltration membrane. The method is simple to operate and ingenious in design, and the obtained membrane has excellent separation performance. Through crosslinking of the zwitterionic cross-linking agent and the graphene oxide nanosheets, the interlayer spacing of the nanofiltration membrane is stabilized, and quaternary amine groups are introduced between the layers, so that the selectivity to monovalent / divalent anions is improved. Due to the hydrophilicity of zwitterions, the permeability of the cross-linked graphene oxide nanofiltration membrane is improved.

A high-fixation direct-injection nylon digital printing process belongs to the technical field of fabric digital printing. This process includes the following steps: pretreatment, digital printing, fixing agent treatment, calendering, and post-treatment processes; the fixing agent is a modified lignin-based fixing agent, which is obtained by sequentially subjecting lignin to hydroxyethylation modification, quaternization modification, and amination modification, and can effectively promote the dyeing of dyes and strengthen the binding between dyes and fabrics; and has the functions of ultraviolet resistance and antibacterial and anti-corrosion; and does not release toxic formaldehyde and isocyanates during the process of treating fabrics, is non-toxic and environmentally friendly, and the raw materials are renewable. The nylon digital printing products obtained by the printing process provided by the present invention have excellent color fixation effects; the improvement effects in terms of wet and dry fastness, washing color fastness, soaping color fastness, etc. can be comparable to those of commercial fixing agents, and have broad market prospects.

The invention belongs to the technical field of organic synthesis, and particularly relates to a preparation method of an olefin monomer of benzocrown ether imidazole polymerized ionic liquid. Comprising the following steps: adding benzo-12-crown-4-ether, iodo-alkyl acid and polyphosphoric acid into a heat preservation kettle, carrying out heating reaction, adding chloro-alkyl acid, carrying out heating reaction, dropwise adding water to hydrolyze residual polyphosphoric acid, extracting an organic phase by chloroform, washing chloro-alkyl acid by using a sodium carbonate aqueous solution, drying, carrying out suction filtration, and transferring into a reaction kettle; adding 1-methylimidazole, carrying out heating reaction, carrying out rotary evaporation to obtain chloroform, adding dioxane, triethylamine and hydroquinone, carrying out heating reaction, and carrying out rotary evaporation to obtain dioxane; the ionic liquid, organic salt and pure water are added into a dissolving kettle, dichloromethane is used for extracting an organic phase, pure water is used for washing chloride ions and iodide ions in the organic phase, dichloromethane is obtained through rotary evaporation, and a product is dried in vacuum. According to the method, the steps of acylation, quaternization and dehydrohalogenation are used, so that the steps are simplified, and the purification treatment process of acylation after quaternization is avoided.

The application provides a kind of zinc oxide nanoparticles / quaternary amine modified polystyrene nanospheres and its preparation method and application.The application prepares carboxyl functionalized PS / PVP nanospheres with high monodispersity by environmentally friendly water dispersion polymerization method;ZnONPs are successfully loaded after complexing zinc ions with the surface PVP pyrrolidone ring of PS / PVP nanospheres and reducing with reducing agent, and the surface of nanospheres is modified with quaternary amine groups by amidation and further quaternary amination of the surface carboxyl groups of PS / PVP nanospheres.The preparation method is simple, and the reaction condition is easy to realize.The material obtained by the method of the application is polystyrene nanosphere surface loaded with zinc oxide nanoparticles and grafted with quaternary amine groups;it is applied to antibacterial, and zinc oxide nanoparticles and quaternary amine groups play a synergistic effect, so that the material shows high antibacterial activity and can effectively inhibit the proliferation of escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus.

The invention relates to an anion exchange membrane containing a composite film of an ionomer and zirconium oxide particles of formula ZrO2, the ionomer being a block polymer of formula (AB)nA, the symbol A representing a polyvinylaromatic block bearing quaternary amine groups, the symbol B representing a hydrogenated block of a poly(1,3-diene) or a copolymer comprising monomer units of a 1,3-diene and a vinylaromatic monomer, n being an integer equal to or greater than 1, the zirconium oxide particle content of the composite film being greater than 40% by mass of the composite film mass, the zirconium oxide particles having a median volume size, D50, greater than 100 nm and less than 1 µm. The membrane exhibits good plasticity.

This invention relates to the field of nanofiber technology, and particularly to a quaternary ammonium-modified PPACE-Cl nanofiber, its preparation method, and its application. S1. Preparation of PAN electrospun nanofibers: Polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes are stirred with N,N-dimethylformamide at room temperature for 6-12 h to obtain a uniform and transparent spinning solution. The resulting spinning solution is then placed in a 10 mL syringe and spun in an electrospinning machine to obtain PAN / PVP / MWCNT-CCOH nanofibers. The obtained nanofibers are then placed in hot water at 60-100°C to remove PVP, yielding PAN / MWCNT-COOH nanofibers. S2. Preparation of nitrogen-enriched modified PPACE nanofibers: The PAN / MWCNT-COOH nanofibers prepared in step S1 are placed in an aqueous solution of polyethyleneimine in a high-pressure reactor to obtain modified PPACE nanofibers. S3. Preparation of quaternary ammonium-modified PPACE-Cl nanofibers. The quaternized PPACE-Cl nanofibers of this invention will prepare nanofibers with a surface rich in positive charge, thereby achieving the effect of AuCl4 exhibiting a negative charge in aqueous solution. ‑ Selective enrichment and adsorption are carried out.

The present invention relates to the technical field of polyimide film surface modifiers, and more particularly to a polyimide film surface modifier and its preparation method and application. The polyimide film surface modifier is measured in concentration and includes: amines 9.0-10.0 g / L; quaternized polyvinyl imidazole 0.7-0.8 g / L; inorganic salt 0.2-0.4 g / L; alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether 0.25-0.35 g / L; reducing agent 1.8-2.5 mL / L; inorganic base 0.8-1.0 g / L; alcohol amines 2.5-3.5 mL / L; the rest is deionized water. After the polyimide film surface modifier is metallized to the PI film surface, full coverage is obtained in a relatively short time, so that the PI film surface produces more chemical groups of phenolic groups and amines, plasma physical modification treatment can be exempted, and there is no need to use a PI adjuster, and the function of a pore-forming agent is combined, thereby reducing the cost of metallization treatment of the polyimide film surface.

The invention provides an anti-swelling agent, a preparation method and application of the anti-swelling agent in fracturing. The anti-swelling agent is prepared from the following raw materials: dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride, an auxiliary agent, an initiator and water. The anti-swelling agent disclosed by the invention is a cationic polymer taking dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride as a main body, has good water solubility, is neutral in aqueous solution, generates a quaternary ammonium salt linear acting group with positive charges after being ionized in the aqueous solution, and has bridging and sweeping functions of a common viscosity stabilizer; and the material also has very strong electricity neutralization capability. According to the principle, cationic groups attract clay ions with negative charges, surface charges of colloid particles are reduced and neutralized, meanwhile, a clay colloid diffusion layer is compressed to enable the particles to be agglomerated, flocculation sedimentation is generated by means of the adhesion bridging effect of molecular chains, and clay expansion and dispersion migration are rapidly prevented.

The invention relates to the technical field of colored ribbon spraying agents, in particular to a low-temperature-resistant environment-friendly colored ribbon spraying agent and a preparation method thereof. The invention relates to a low-temperature-resistant environment-friendly colored ribbon spray, which is prepared from 20 to 30 parts of deionized water, 0.2 to 0.4 part of preservative, 0 to 0.3 part of water-soluble pigment, 0.1 to 0.2 part of coconut oil diethanolamide, 0.1 to 0.2 part of perfluorooctyl quaternary ammonium iodide, 0.1 to 0.2 part of rhamnolipid, 0.1 to 0.2 part of sodium vinylsulfonate, 4 to 6 parts of ethanol, 15 to 25 parts of filling powder, 5 to 8 parts of acrylic resin, 5 to 7 parts of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and 20 to 30 parts of propellant. The colored ribbon spraying agent successfully solves the problem that an existing colored ribbon spraying agent is instable in spraying under the low-temperature condition, and the excellent spraying effect is still kept in the cold environment.

The present disclosure relates to a method of preparing a sustained release formulation, the method comprises, mixing of a carrier composition with a volatile organic substance to form a blend; the carrier composition comprises: (i) a hydrophobic organic carrier; and (ii) a quaternary amine, as well as to methods of preparing the sustained release formulation. Also forming part of the present disclosure is a sustained release formulation comprising a blend of: (i) a hydrophobic organic carrier; (ii) a quaternary amine and (iii) a volatile organic substance; wherein the sustained release formulation is essentially water free; and wherein the quaternary amine is of a source different from the source of the hydrophobic organic carrier, as well as to the uses of the sustained release formulation for controlling a target organism. Finally, there is a disclosed carrier composition comprising a blend of: (i) a hydrophobic organic carrier; and (ii) a quaternary amine.

An environmental cracking inhibitor includes a base corrosion inhibitor and a sulfur compound modifier. The base corrosion inhibitor can be an imidazoline, an amine, a quaternary amine, a fatty acid derivative, a phosphate ester, or combinations thereof. The sulfur compound modifier can have the general formula HS—X, where X is a heteroatom substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and / or alkylaryl group. Suitable heteroatoms are sulfur, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, and combinations thereof. The sulfur compound modifier can be 2 mercaptoethanol, cysteamine, or a cysteamine salt.

The application discloses an artificial intelligence-based wound pH detection method and a matched enzymatic in-situ forming hydrogel dressing and a preparation method, and belongs to the technical field of biomedical materials.The application identifies and analyzes a hydrogel image with a pH response reagent through a convolutional neural network algorithm, generates an optimal identification model to identify pH, and further evaluates a wound healing state, so that a new strategy is provided for monitoring and instant diagnosis.The matched enzymatic in-situ forming hydrogel dressing can be flexibly attached to various irregular wounds by consuming glucose through glucose oxidase to generate free radicals to initiate in-situ polymerization of the hydrogel.Meanwhile, the added quaternary amine chitosan has antibacterial function, and can better promote wound healing.The application can improve treatment efficiency and save treatment cost, and has the characteristics of safety, high efficiency and multifunction.

The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing a lithium source material, water, a first solvent and quaternary amine alkali, reacting the quaternary amine alkali with carbon dioxide in a reaction atmosphere containing carbon dioxide to generate HCO3 <->, reacting the HCO3 <-> with lithium ions in the lithium source material to generate lithium bicarbonate, and collecting a water phase after the reaction; decomposing lithium bicarbonate in the water phase to generate lithium carbonate, collecting a solid phase, and decomposing lithium carbonate in the solid phase to generate lithium oxide to obtain an intermediate; dissolving quaternary ammonium iodide in a second solvent, adding the intermediate, converting the lithium oxide into lithium hydroxide, carrying out ion exchange on the lithium hydroxide and the quaternary ammonium iodide to generate lithium iodide, and collecting a liquid phase; and collecting the lithium iodide in the liquid phase. According to the present invention, based on the characteristics of the specific quaternary ammonium base and the quaternary ammonium iodide salt, the Li in the lithium source material is selectively reinforced, carbonized and leached, the anion impurities in the lithium source material are removed, the anion exchange in the organic phase is achieved, and the high-purity anhydrous lithium iodide is prepared.

The application discloses a low-molecular-weight hydrophobic associating polymer, and a molecular formula of the low-molecular-weight hydrophobic associating polymer is: wherein R is erucylamide propyl dimethyl quaternary amine, hexadecyl dimethyl quaternary amine, octadecyl dimethyl quaternary amine or behenyl dimethyl quaternary amine, x, y, z and m are monomer molar ratios, x is 69% to 80%, y is 16% to 23%, z is 3.5% to 7%, and m is 0.5% to 1%. The application further discloses a preparation method and application of the low-molecular-weight hydrophobic associating polymer. The fracturing fluid prepared from the low-molecular-weight hydrophobic associating polymer has excellent hydrophobic associating performance, shows the characteristics of low viscosity and high elasticity, can simultaneously meet the construction requirements of strong sand carrying capacity and easy pumping, and has a good application prospect in oilfield fracturing.

The invention provides a phase change absorbent and an integrated trapping method for desulfurization and decarburization of flue gas, the flue gas containing CO2 and SO2 is treated based on the phase change absorbent, and particularly, the flue gas is treated by adopting the integrated trapping method disclosed by the invention, so that CO2 and SO2 can be synchronously absorbed, and selective regeneration is realized. The phase change absorbent is an aqueous solution containing 5-80 wt% of organic amine and 5-80 wt% of ionic liquid; the ionic liquid comprises anions and cations; the positive ions are selected from one or more of imidazole positive ions, pyrrolidine positive ions, quaternary amine positive ions, pyridine positive ions, piperidine positive ions, piperazine positive ions and pyrrole positive ions; the anions are selected from one or more of hydrophobic fluorine-containing anions, hydrophobic sulfonate-containing anions and hydrophobic fatty acid anions.

A liquid cleaning composition including: at least 80 wt. % liquid solvent; a cationic quaternary amine biocide; and a non-cationic, amine oxide moisturizing agent.

The invention provides a preparation method and application of a high-flux blood-compatible polyimide separation membrane, polyimide polymer powder is added into a solvent B, a quaternization reagent is added to obtain quaternization polyimide polymer powder, the quaternization polyimide polymer powder is added into a solvent C, and the high-flux blood-compatible polyimide separation membrane is obtained. And scraping the membrane casting solution by using a scraper to prepare an asymmetric separation membrane, and washing to obtain the high-flux blood-compatible polyimide separation membrane. The separation membrane applied to the field of biological water treatment is prepared through chemical imidization condensation reaction and quaternization reaction. The high-flux blood-compatible polyimide separation membrane obtained by the invention has excellent thermal stability, good mechanical properties, protein adsorption resistance, bacterial adhesion resistance, blood compatibility and anticoagulation capability. The method has wide application prospects in the fields of ultrafiltration, hemodialysis, purification, biological sewage treatment and the like.

The invention discloses an imidazoline Schiff base corrosion inhibitor and a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the field of oil well metal pipe anticorrosive coatings. Heterocyclic carboxylic acid reacts with organic polyamine to obtain an imidazoline reactant; reacting the imidazoline reactant with iodo-n-butane to obtain a quaternization modified reactant; and reacting the quaternization modified reactant with cinnamyl aldehyde to obtain the corrosion inhibitor. Three molecular groups in the corrosion inhibitor can play a synergistic effect, and the corrosion inhibitor has a good corrosion inhibition effect under strong acid environment and high temperature environment conditions. The corrosion inhibitor can be applied to corrosion protection of oil casing materials in the development process of oil and gas fields, so that smooth production and development of oil and gas resources are guaranteed with low economic cost.

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods for sample processing, particularly for oligonucleotide analysis e.g. analysis of formulated nucleic acid drugs. A composition for pretreating at least one target nucleic acid in a biological mixture provided herein includes a chaotropic agent selected from a substituted guanidine, a substituted amidine, a substituted quaternary amine, or a combination thereof, an optional protease, and / or an optional disulfide-reducing agent. Methods of analyzing at least one target nucleic acid in a biological mixture is also provided herein. Furthermore, the present disclosure provides methods for quantifying at least one target cationic lipid interacting with a nucleic acid.

Described herein are wound dressings and methods of their use, wherein the wound dressings comprise a polymeric component. The polymeric component is a polyethyleneimine intermediate selected from the group consisting of:at least one R60 is —(CH2)3OH but less than 50% of all R60 are —(CH2)3OH; and the polyethyleneimine intermediate has a ratio of total quaternary amines to total hydroxyl groups of at least 1:1.

The invention comprises a method and apparatus for dispensing a biocide, comprising: a container and a biocide formulation in the container, the biocide formulation comprising: (1) the biocide and a solvent, the biocide comprising a protonated polymer comprising repeating charged units; (2) a total cationic charge density in a range of 0.005 to 0.95 meq / g, at least ten percent of the total cationic charge density from charges of non-quaternary amines of the protonated polymer; (3) an activity coefficient, γ, of a protonated site of the protonated polymer, of greater than 0.7; and (4) a counterion chloride concentration of less than 900 ppm.