695 results about "Silicon particle" patented technology

The invention provides a phenolic resin-based spherical silicon-carbon composite material as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of lithium battery materials. The preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing spherical phenolic resin by adopting a suspension polymerization method, curing to obtain phenolic resin microspheres, preparing porous carbon spheres by taking the phenolic resin microspheres as a carbon precursor in a carbonization and alkali activation manner, carrying out CVD vapor deposition on nano silicon, and carrying out carbon coating to obtain the phenolic resin-based spherical silicon-carbon composite material. The phenolic resin is utilized to form a highly cross-linked network structure after curing, the carbon spheres obtained after carbonization have good mechanical strength and rigidity, the porous structure of the porous carbon spheres provides a volume change buffering structure for nano-silicon, the lithium ion path is shortened, the spherical structure is beneficial to uniform dispersion, nano-silicon particles are prevented from gathering, and the performance of the lithium ion battery is improved. And the porous carbon spheres with high specific surface area can also improve the interface reaction activity, so that the problems of high volume expansion, low conductivity and slow ion diffusivity of silicon are solved.

The invention relates to the technical field of electrochemical energy storage devices, in particular to a silicon-carbon negative electrode material, a negative electrode plate, an electrochemical device and an electronic device, and mainly comprises a core material and a coating material, the core material comprises silicon particles, the coating material comprises a porous carbon material doped with indium particles, and the coating material comprises a porous carbon material doped with indium particles. The average pore size of the coating material ranges from 10 nm to 20 nm, and the porosity of the coating material ranges from 35% to 45%. According to the silicon-carbon negative electrode material provided by the invention, the coating material has the effects of buffering and inhibiting silicon volume expansion, so that pulverization of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material is inhibited, and the problem of volume expansion of a battery is solved.

The invention provides a sidewalk antiskid terrace material and a construction process thereof, and belongs to the technical field of terrace material manufacturing. The sidewalk antiskid terrace material is prepared from the following components: epoxy resin, polysiloxane elastic resin, fluorocarbon resin, modified covalent organic framework nanosheets, boron nitride nanotubes, nano silicon nitride particles, nano silicon dioxide, nano zinc oxide, a modified flame retardant, attapulgite, a curing agent, an accelerant, a flatting agent, a coupling agent and a dispersing agent. According to the sidewalk antiskid terrace material, various high-performance resins are compounded with the nano filler to form a coating with a compact and uniform structure, so that the mechanical strength and wear resistance of the terrace are remarkably improved. In addition, due to the application of the modified flame retardant, the floor has a good flame-retardant effect, and the safety is improved. The whole formula and the construction process are scientific and reasonable, strong adhesion of the coating is ensured, construction is simple and convenient, curing is sufficient, and the coating is suitable for long-term use of outdoor sidewalks and has attractive appearance and practicability.

A lithium-ion secondary battery having excellent discharge characteristics even in a low-temperature environment is provided. The lithium-ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte solution. The positive electrode includes lithium cobalt oxide with a median diameter (D50) of greater than or equal to 1 μm and less than or equal to 12 μm. The lithium cobalt oxide contains magnesium in its surface portion. The negative electrode includes a graphite particle, a silicon particle, and a polymer including a carboxy group. The electrolyte solution contains a mixed solvent of a fluorinated cyclic carbonate and a fluorinated chain carbonate.

The invention relates to a silicon-carbon negative electrode material and a preparation method thereof. The silicon-carbon negative electrode material comprises a carbon skeleton, silicon particles distributed in pores of the carbon skeleton and a carbon layer coating the carbon skeleton, wherein the carbon skeleton adopts porous carbon, and the carbon layer is of a double-layer gradient coating structure. According to the silicon-carbon negative electrode material and the preparation method thereof, by controlling the deposition mode, deposition temperature, deposition time and the like of the silicon source gas and the coating mode, coating flow, coating time and the like of the coating gas, uniform deposition of silicon particles in pores of a carbon skeleton and uniform coating of a gradient coating type carbon layer are realized; the growth of silicon grains and the formation of rich silicon on the surface are inhibited, the gas production of the material is reduced, the tap density of the material is improved, the tar residue in the material is eliminated, and the comprehensive electrochemical performance is considered.

The present application relates to a negative electrode active material and a preparation method therefor, a negative electrode sheet, a secondary battery, and an electric device. The negative electrode active material comprises expanded graphite, a porous carbon layer, and silicon particles; the expanded graphite comprises a plurality of graphite layers; the porous carbon layer is at least distributed on an interlayer surface of one graphite layer, and the silicon particles are at least distributed in pore channels of porous carbon of the porous carbon layer.

A method for manufacturing an article containing silicon carbide as a main component includes a step of forming a layer of a raw material powder and a step of irradiating the layer of the raw material powder with a laser on the basis of data from a three-dimensional model, in which the steps are performed multiple times, the raw material powder contains silicon carbide particles having a particle size larger than 200 nm and metallic silicon particles having a particle size larger than 200 nm, and the metallic silicon particles have a number-average particle size smaller than a number-average particle size of the silicon carbide particles.

The invention discloses a porous silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material, a one-step preparation method, a lithium ion battery and application, and belongs to the technical field of lithium ion battery materials, the method comprises the following steps: mixing a silicon source, magnesium powder, a carbon source and a soluble pore forming agent to obtain mixed powder; performing high-energy mechanical ball milling on the mixed powder in an inert atmosphere, and performing acid pickling, high-temperature carbonization treatment, cooling, water washing, suction filtration and drying to obtain the porous silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material; the porous silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material comprises a porous shell formed by amorphous porous carbon and a porous core formed by silicon nanoparticles embedded in the porous shell, the mechanical collision energy generated in the high-energy mechanical ball milling process triggers the low-temperature magnesiothermic reduction reaction between the silicon source and the magnesium powder, the carbon source is attached to the surfaces of silicon particles while the silicon particles are generated, and silicon synthesis, carbon coating and pore forming are synchronously achieved. The silicon-based negative electrode has the advantages of high initial coulombic efficiency, high specific capacity, excellent cycle stability and rate capability, and effectively solves the problems of volume expansion and large-scale preparation of the silicon-based negative electrode.

The invention relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a silicon-carbon negative electrode material and a lithium ion secondary battery. The silicon-carbon negative electrode material comprises silicon-carbon particles, the silicon-carbon particles comprise a matrix, and the matrix comprises a porous carbon matrix and silicon particles located in internal holes of the porous carbon matrix; the porous carbon substrate is provided with open pores and closed pores, the open pores contain silicon particles, the closed pores contain an element K, and based on the total mass of the silicon carbon particles, the mass content of the element K is 50 ppm to 1000 ppm; the silicon-carbon particles comprise halogen, and based on the total mass of the silicon-carbon particles, the mass content of the halogen is 50 ppm to 2000 ppm; the silicon carbon particles and deionized water are mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 10 to obtain an aqueous solution, the pH value of the aqueous solution at 25 DEG C is pH 1, and the pH 1 is 6-8. Comprising the silicon-carbon negative electrode material disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the expansion rate is improved, and the rate capability and the cycle performance are improved.

The invention provides a silicon-carbon negative electrode material with a core-shell structure and a preparation method and application of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material. The preparation method comprises the following steps: sequentially preparing a sacrificial layer and a carbon coating layer for coating silicon particles on the surfaces of the silicon particles to form a carbon-coated silicon material; etching the carbon-coated silicon material by adopting an etching agent capable of etching the sacrificial layer, and removing the sacrificial layer in the carbon-coated silicon material to form a silicon-carbon material; dipping the silicon-carbon material in a metal precursor solution, taking out the silicon-carbon material, and drying the silicon-carbon material, wherein simple substances of metal elements in the metal precursor and / or silicides of the metal elements can catalyze the generation of the carbon nanotubes; heating the dried silicon-carbon material in a reducing gas atmosphere to form a catalyst on the surfaces of the silicon particles, the catalyst comprising simple substances of metal elements and / or silicides thereof; and depositing carbon nanotubes on the basis of the elementary substance of the metal element and / or the silicide thereof. The high-rate cycle performance of a battery prepared from the core-shell structure silicon-carbon negative electrode material is obviously improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a core-shell material, a preparation method, a negative electrode material and a battery. The method provided by the invention comprises the following steps: processing metal salt raw materials of aluminum, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc and lanthanum into a high-entropy metal oxide; taking silicon particles as a core layer, gasifying a high-entropy metal oxide, and depositing the gasified high-entropy metal oxide on the surface of the core layer to form a coating layer so as to obtain Si (at) HEO particles; depositing a zinc layer on the Si-coated HEO particles to form a growth layer on the surface of the coating layer, dispersing the Si-coated HEO particles in a Si-coated HEO solvent, adding a zinc nitrate aqueous solution and a 2-methylimidazole aqueous solution for reaction, and growing a shell layer on the growth layer on the surface of the coating layer to obtain Si-coated HEO-ZIF particles; and mixing the acidic solution and the Si (at) HEO (at) ZIF particles to form a secondary pore channel, and separating to obtain the core-shell material. The core-shell material provided by the invention solves the problems of low stress dispersion efficiency, low ion transmission and poor volume expansion rate of the existing core-shell material.

The invention discloses a high-magnification low-expansion modified silicon-carbon composite material and a preparation method and application thereof, the modified silicon-carbon composite material is of a particle structure and comprises a silicon-carbon material serving as an inner core and a fluorine-containing conductive polymer layer coating the surface of the silicon-carbon material; the silicon-carbon material is obtained by coating the surfaces of silicon particles with carbon layers; the fluorine-containing conductive polymer layer is obtained by initiating polymerization of a first monomer and a second monomer, and the first monomer is a fluorine-containing polymer monomer. The preparation method comprises the following steps: putting the silicon-carbon material, a first monomer and a second monomer into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, adding a mixed solvent of water and ethanol, heating while stirring, adding an initiator after heating to a target temperature, preserving heat, reacting, cooling, carrying out suction filtration, washing with water, and drying to obtain the fluoro-coated silicon-carbon material, namely the modified silicon-carbon composite material. According to the application, the modified silicon-carbon composite material serves as a negative electrode active component and is mixed with a conductive agent, a binding agent and a dispersing agent, so that the negative electrode coating slurry for preparing the negative electrode plate of the lithium ion battery is formed.

A process for producing a porous host structure or a powder mass of multiple porous particulates containing silicon oxide (SiOx) therein, comprising (a) providing a porous host structure having a volume fraction of pores from 5% to 99.9%, wherein the porous host structure is selected from a carbonaceous, graphitic, graphene, or metallic material; (b) catalytically vaporizing Si from a mixture of a catalyst and elemental Si or a Si-containing material to form a vapor phase of Si or a precursor to Si; (c) immediately directing the vapor phase into pores of the porous host structure and facilitating the vapor phase to form solid Si particles or coating deposited in the pores to form a Si-impregnated porous host structure; (d) exposing the Si to an oxidizing environment to obtain SiO2-coated Si particles / coating or SiOx; and (e) optionally breaking and reducing the SiOx-impregnated porous host structure into smaller porous particulates.

The embodiment of the invention provides aluminum-based silicon carbide, a preparation method of the aluminum-based silicon carbide, a heat dissipation piece and equipment. The aluminum-based silicon carbide comprises mixed aluminum alloy particles and beta-silicon carbide particles. The beta-silicon carbide particles comprise first beta-silicon carbide particles of which the D50 is 2-4 microns and second beta-silicon carbide particles of which the D50 is 6-12 microns; the first beta-silicon carbide particles account for 20%-45% of the volume fraction of the beta-silicon carbide, and the second beta-silicon carbide accounts for 55%-80% of the volume fraction of the beta-silicon carbide; the beta-silicon carbide particles are spherical particles, and the sphericity of the spherical particles is greater than or equal to 0.80. The spherical beta-silicon carbide particles with different D50 particle size ratios are added into the aluminum alloy, so that the plasticity of the obtained aluminum-based silicon carbide is improved.

The invention provides an aluminum matrix composite laser welding structure and a welding method thereof. The welding structure comprises a first base material, a second base material, a middle layer, a first foil layer and a second foil layer. The first base material is made of a silicon carbide particle reinforced aluminum-based composite material; the second base material is a silicon carbide particle reinforced aluminum-based composite material; the middle layer is formed by mixing and pressing modified silicon carbide particles and active metal powder; one side of the first foil material layer abuts against the first base material, and the other side of the first foil material layer abuts against the middle layer; one side of the second foil material layer abuts against the second base material, and the other side of the second foil material layer abuts against the middle layer. The structure of the weld joint can be effectively improved, welding defects are reduced, and the connection strength and overall performance of the weld joint are improved.

The application provides a multi-element doped porous carbon and a preparation method thereof, a silicon-carbon negative electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of lithium batteries.The application prepares a porous carbon matrix with uniform pore size and particle size through an in-situ hetero-element doping technology of resin-based porous carbon.Hetero-element atoms in the porous carbon help to stabilize silicon particles and increase the silicon loading capacity, and participate in the formation of SEI films, thereby improving the initial coulombic efficiency and long cycle stability of the silicon-carbon negative electrode.

The invention discloses a porous silicon carbon negative electrode material, a preparation method thereof and a battery. A matrix of the porous silicon carbon negative electrode material is porous carbon, a conductive layer is deposited in pores of the porous carbon, a fast ion layer is deposited on the surface of the conductive layer, a silicon nanoparticle layer is deposited on the outer side of the fast ion layer, and carbon coating layers are deposited on the surface of the porous carbon and among silicon nanoparticles. According to the method, the conductive layer is firstly deposited, then the fast ion layer is deposited, and a Li reaction place is changed from point-to-point contact of silicon particles and porous carbon into surface-to-surface contact of the conductive layer and the conductive ion layer, so that a Li < + > desolvation barrier and electronic impedance of a substrate are greatly reduced.

The application provides an electrolyte additive, an electrolyte and a battery, wherein the electrolyte additive comprises an indole group, a carbonyl group, a fluorine atom, a siloxane group and a boron atom, so that the electrolyte additive can combine with silicon particles to form a stable structure, form a stable SEI film, reduce decomposition of the electrolyte, improve electronic conductivity and reduce occurrence of electrolyte side reactions, thereby effectively inhibiting expansion of a silicon-carbon negative electrode, solving problems of low initial efficiency, poor cycle performance and poor high-temperature storage performance of the silicon-carbon negative electrode, and improving cycle performance and high-temperature storage performance of the battery.

The negative plate comprises a negative current collector, a first surface layer, a second surface layer and active substance layers, the negative current collector is arranged between the first surface layer and the second surface layer, and the first active substance layer and the second active substance layer are arranged on the first surface layer and the second surface layer at intervals. The first active material layer is thinner than the second active material layer. Through the design, silicon particle crushing caused by step difference can be reduced, so that the safety performance of the battery is improved.

The invention provides a battery and electric equipment, the battery comprises a positive plate, a negative plate and an electrolyte, the negative plate comprises a negative current collector and a negative coating located on the surface of the negative current collector, the negative coating comprises a silicon carbon material, and the silicon carbon material comprises porous carbon and silicon particles deposited in porous carbon channels; the negative electrode coating comprises a first active material layer and a second active material layer, the first active material layer is located on at least one side surface of the negative electrode current collector, and the second active material layer is located on one side, deviating from the negative electrode current collector, of the first active material layer; the mass percentage content of the silicon element in the second active material layer is greater than that of the silicon element in the first active material layer, the electrolyte comprises carboxylic ester, the carboxylic ester comprises ethyl butyrate, and the mass percentage content of the ethyl butyrate in the electrolyte is 5-35%. The rate capability and the cycle performance of the battery can be improved.

The invention discloses a silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof, the silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material comprises porous carbon and silicon particles attached to the porous carbon, and an attachment method between the porous carbon and the silicon particles comprises chemical bond attachment. The lithium battery prepared from the silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material disclosed by the invention has excellent first effect, specific capacity and cycle capacity retention rate. And the preparation method of the silicon-carbon composite negative electrode material has the characteristics of one-step double effects, greenness and high efficiency. Besides, the plasma technology is utilized to excite the medium gas, the two key steps of pore forming and functionalization are completed in one step through the synergistic effect of different medium gases, compared with a traditional chemical activation method, use of strong acid and strong base and the tedious cleaning process are avoided, no waste water is discharged, and the method is more environmentally friendly and saves more energy.

The invention relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a negative pole piece, a solid-state battery and an electric device. The negative pole piece comprises a negative current collector; the negative electrode active material layer is arranged on the surface of at least one side of the negative electrode current collector, and the negative electrode active material layer comprises silicon carbon material particles, first silicon particles and second silicon particles; the particle size D50 of the silicon carbon material particles is larger than the particle size D50 of the first silicon particles, and the particle size D50 of the first silicon particles is larger than the particle size D50 of the second silicon particles. Through particle size gradient compounding, the active substance proportion of the negative electrode is increased, a continuous ion transmission channel is formed, and the capacity performance, the rate performance and the cycle performance of the battery are improved at the same time.

A negative electrode material for secondary battery use includes silicon-containing particles and coating layers covering at least part of the surfaces of the silicon-containing particles. The silicon-containing particles each include an ion conductive phase and silicon phases dispersed in the ion conductive phase. The coating layers contain at least one phosphate compound selected from the group consisting of a phosphate compound, a polyphosphate compound, and a metaphosphate compound, each of which contains an anion represented by general formula (1):In general formula (1), A represents an organic group or an oxygen atom.

The corundum-silicon carbide-mullite castable is prepared from sintered mullite particles, silicon carbide fine powder, activated aluminum oxide micro powder, silicon dioxide micro powder, composite rare earth oxide fine powder, aluminum titanate fine powder, a binding agent, a water reducing agent, explosion-proof fibers and porous composite corundum-silicon carbide particles. The porous composite corundum-silicon carbide particles are formed by sintering fused corundum particles and nano silicon carbide powder through in-situ reaction, micron-sized pore channels which are communicated with one another are formed in the porous composite corundum-silicon carbide particles, and the surfaces of the particles are coated with a compact mullite-corundum complex phase layer, so that thermal stress can be effectively buffered, and permeation of zinc and alkali vapor can be blocked; the low thermal expansion characteristic of aluminum titanate and the grain boundary purification effect of rare earth oxide are matched, thermal shock resistance and erosion resistance are synergistically improved, and excellent thermal shock resistance, chemical erosion resistance, high strength and wear resistance are shown under the harsh working condition of the zinc oxide rotary kiln.

The invention discloses a low-cost nano porous silicon-carbon composite material based on a solid waste silicon source as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: taking a solid raw material containing silicon dioxide as a silicon source; carrying out wet ball milling on the pretreated raw materials; mixing the ball-milled material with magnesium powder, aluminum chloride and lithium chloride; carrying out heating reduction reaction on the mixed material; sequentially performing hydrochloric acid pickling and hydrofluoric acid pickling on the reduction product, and then washing to be neutral; mixing the washed silicon particles with a carbon precursor containing nitrogen and sulfur, coating by adopting a spray coating method, and then carrying out carbonization treatment; the carbon precursor containing nitrogen and sulfur is composed of asphalt and thiourea; the carbonization temperature is 750-850 DEG C, the carbonization time is 1-2 hours, and the heating procedure comprises a desolventizing section, an asphalt decomposition section and a carbonization section. The preparation method is low in raw material cost, low in energy consumption, environment-friendly and excellent in product comprehensive performance, and has wide application prospects in the fields of power batteries, energy storage, catalysis and the like.

The aluminum fluoride coated nano silicon material is prepared from nano silicon powder, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, ammonium fluoride, absolute ethyl alcohol and deionized water, and an aluminum fluoride coating layer and a nano silicon negative electrode material are compounded to form an aluminum fluoride coated nano silicon material structure. The aluminum fluoride coating layer on the surface can be converted into a fast ion conductor in the battery circulation process, so that the lithium ion diffusion rate is increased, and migration of lithium ions between the nanometer silicon negative electrode and the electrolyte is promoted. Under the coating protection effect of the coating layer, the volume expansion of the nano-silicon material is improved, the voltage attenuation speed is slowed down, the cycling stability is greatly improved, the cycling performance of the nano-silicon negative electrode material is improved, and silicon particle breakage, material pulverization and falling off from a pole piece are avoided. The coating amount of the aluminum fluoride coating layer is compared, and the optimal coating amount is given. The method has the advantages of low cost and high controllability.

The invention relates to a uniform carbon-coated mesoporous silicon carbon negative electrode material and a preparation method and application thereof.The preparation method comprises the steps that a product obtained after pyrolysis and carbonization of a biomass carbon source is subjected to alkali activation treatment, acid pickling, drying, smashing, passivation, water washing and drying are conducted to obtain a mesoporous carbon matrix, nanometer silicon particles are deposited in pores of the mesoporous carbon matrix, and the uniform carbon-coated mesoporous silicon carbon negative electrode material is obtained. Then selecting a low-temperature carbonization material and polyethylene glycol to perform pre-carbonization and complete carbonization treatment on the mesoporous silicon carbon material to obtain a carbon coating layer, and finally obtaining the uniform carbon-coated mesoporous silicon carbon negative electrode material. When the uniform carbon-coated mesoporous silicon carbon negative electrode material is applied to a lithium battery, the mesoporous skeleton can effectively inhibit volume expansion of silicon in a battery circulation process, and the uniform carbon-coated layer can effectively reduce the risk of direct contact between the negative electrode material and an electrolyte, so that a stable SE I film is formed to reduce the occurrence of side reactions; and the first coulombic efficiency and the cycle performance of the battery are further improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to a battery. The battery comprises a negative plate and an electrolyte, the negative plate comprises a negative electrode active material, the negative electrode active material comprises polyhedral silicon carbon, and the polyhedral silicon carbon comprises a porous carbon matrix and silicon particles located in pores in the porous carbon matrix; the porous carbon matrix comprises mesopores, and the pore volume ratio of the mesopores is 70%-95%; in an X-ray diffraction pattern of the porous carbon matrix, a first diffraction peak exists when 2theta is equal to 0-5 degrees; the electrolyte comprises fluoroethyl acetate, and the content of the fluoroethyl acetate is 25%-60% based on the total mass of the electrolyte. The battery provided by the invention has good low-temperature performance and rate capability.

The invention belongs to the field of silicon-carbon negative electrode materials, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a silicon-carbon negative electrode material and a silicon-carbon negative electrode semi-solid-state battery. The preparation method of the silicon-carbon negative electrode material comprises the following steps: grinding and mixing nano silicon and asphalt, and carbonizing to obtain amorphous carbon layer coated silicon particles; performing chemical vapor deposition of a carbon layer on the amorphous carbon layer coated silicon particles, and etching by using a ferric chloride solution to form porous composite carbon layer coated silicon particles; and annealing the porous composite carbon layer coated silicon particles in a nitrogen-containing atmosphere to form the nitrogen-doped silicon carbon negative electrode material. The nitrogen-doped porous composite carbon layer silicon-carbon negative electrode material is prepared through the links of amorphous carbon coating of silicon particles, chemical vapor deposition of a carbon layer, etching of a porous structure, nitrogen doping and the like, volume expansion of silicon can be effectively inhibited, and the cycling stability is improved. In addition, the capacity of the silicon-carbon negative electrode can be improved to 1500-1800 mAh / g, and great benefits are also brought to improvement of the energy density of the battery.

The invention relates to the technical field of battery silicon negative electrodes, in particular to a silicon-carbon composite material and a preparation method and application thereof. The silicon-carbon composite material comprises a three-dimensional through mesoporous carbon skeleton, nano silicon particles loaded in mesopores and a gradient carbon coating layer, nano silicon and the carbon skeleton are connected through Si-O-C covalent bonds, and the gradient carbon coating layer is composed of a soft carbon inner layer, a graphitized carbon middle layer and a compact hard carbon outer layer. The preparation method comprises three steps of synthesis of a three-dimensional through mesoporous carbon skeleton, confinement silicon loading and gradient carbon coating. The material solves the problems of silicon particle agglomeration, volume effect and interface instability, has excellent electrochemical performance, can be used as a lithium ion battery negative electrode material, is suitable for a next-generation high-energy lithium ion battery, and improves the cycling stability and capacity performance of the battery.