342results about "Calcium/strontium/barium compounds" patented technology

A process and an apparatus are described for treating seven types of saline waters each having a concentration of total dissolved solids exceeding 1 g/L, wherein the concentration of total dissolved solids, the ratio of the chloride ion concentration to the bicarbonate ion concentration and the ratio of the chloride ion concentration to the sulphate ion concentration of each of the water types are as indicated in Table 1. The process includes the steps of contacting the water with a first reagent comprising a source of calcium ions selected from calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide to form a first solid product which is recovered. The process includes a further step of subjecting at least a portion of the partially processed water to at least partial evaporation so as to promote the formation of a precipitate and a mother liquor. The precipitate is recovered as a second product.

Methods for the production of shaped nanoscale-to-microscale structures, wherein a nanoscale-to-microscale template is provided having an original chemical composition and an original shape, and the nanoscale-to-microscale template subjected to a chemical reaction, so as to partially or completely convert the nanoscale-to-microscale template into the shaped nanoscale-to-microscale structure having a chemical composition different than the original chemical composition and having substantially the same shape as the original shape, being a scaled version of the original shape. The shaped nanoscale-to-microscale structure formed comprises an element (such as silicon), a metallic alloy (such as a silicon alloy), or a non-oxide compound (such as silicon carbide or silicon nitride).

The present invention relates to a process for producing CaCO3 or MgCO3 from a feedstock comprising a Ca- or Mg-comprising mixed metal oxide, wherein: (a) an aqueous slurry of the feedstock is contacted with a C02 containing gas to form an aqueous solution of Ca(HCO3)2 or Mg(HCO3)2 and a solid Ca- or Mg-depleted feedstock; (b) part or all of the aqueous solution of Ca(HCO3)2 or Mg(HCO3)2 is separated from the solid Ca- or Mg-depleted feedstock; (c) CaCO3 or MgCO3 is precipitated from the separated aqueous solution of Ca(HCO3)2 or Mg(HCO3)2; and (d) the precipitated CaCO3 or MgCO3 is recovered as product. The invention further relates to a process for the production of an aqueous solution of Ca(HCO3)2 or Mg(HCO3)2.

This invention is directed to decreasing the CO2 concentration. The invention makes use of fluids and apparatuses for diminishing CO2 concentrations of fluids.

The present invention relates to methods, compositions and systems for producing hydrogen from water involving reacting metal particles with water in the presence of an effective amount of catalyst. In particular the invention pertains to methods, compositions and systems for producing hydrogen upon reaction of metal particles selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), silicon (Si) and zinc (Zn) with water, in the presence of an effective amount of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst is a water-soluble inorganic salt.

A process for sequestrating carbon emitted into the atmosphere in the form of CO₂ comprises:

• • a) a step for concentrating CO₂ in the liquid phase;
  • b) a step for electro-reduction in an aprotic medium to a compound in which the carbon changes to oxidation number +3 in the form of oxalic acid or formic acid;
  • c) if appropriate, a step for re-extracting oxalic or formic acid in the aqueous phase; and
  • d) a step for mineralization by reaction with a compound of an element M, resulting in a stable compound in which the atomic ratio C/M is about 2/1.

Sodium nonatitanate compositions, a method using the composition for recovery of 82Sr from irradiated targets, and a method using the composition for generating 82Rb. The sodium nonatitanate materials of the invention are highly selective at separating strontium from solutions derived from the dissolution of irradiated target materials, thus reducing target processing times. The compositions also have a very low affinity for rubidium, making it an ideal material for use as a 82Rb generator. Sodium nonatitanate materials of this type both improve the recovery of 82Sr and provide a safer, more effective 82Rb generator system.

Solvent extraction of one or more metal ions from an aqueous solution in the presence of hydrocarbon-soluble aminomethylenephosphonic acid derivatives.

The present invention is focused on a revolutionary, low-cost (highly-scaleable) approach for the mass production of three-dimensional microcomponents: the biological reproduction of naturally-derived, biocatalytically-derived, and/or genetically-tailored three-dimensional microtemplates (e.g., frustules of diatoms, microskeletons of radiolarians, shells of mollusks) with desired dimensional features, followed by reactive conversion of such microtemplates into microcomponents with desired compositions that differ from the starting microtemplate and with dimensional features that are similar to those of the starting microtemplate. Because the shapes of such microcomponents may be tailored through genetic engineering of the shapes of the microtemplates, such microcomposites are considered to be Genetically-Engineered Materials (GEMs).

A method and apparatus for separating the organic membrane portion of waste egg shells from the hard inorganic mineral portion thereof, so that each can be used or further processed as desired, thereby addressing the environmental and economic issues associated with disposing of waste egg shells. The membrane and shell are separated by first processing waste eggshells so as to yield small waste eggshell particles. During this processing, the waste eggshell particles are at least slightly abraded, whereby the linking structure between the membrane and shell is at least partially disrupted. Thereafter, the waste eggshell particles are conveyed to a device, which isolates the two components based on their size and weight differences. The methods listed above can provide products from the eggshell waste including precipitated calcium carbonate, membrane, protein, amino acids, collagen and other important components.

The present invention is directed to the use of a combination of a polymeric chelant and coagulant to treat metal containing wastewater. More particularly, the invention is directed at removing copper from CMP wastewater. The composition includes a combination of (a) a polymeric chelant derived from a polyamine selected from the group consisting of diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetraamine (TETA), tertraethylenepentaamine (TEPA), poly[vinylamine], and branched or linear poly[ethylenimine] (PEI); and (b) a water soluble or dispersible copolymer of a tannin and a cationic monomer selected from the group consisting of methyl chloride or dimethyl sulfate quaternary salt of dimethyl aminoethyl acrylate, diethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide, dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide, and diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride.

A method for purifying salt brine to obtain a highly pure sodium chloride from the purified brine by means of crystallization. Nanofiltration directly follows a two-stage brine purification according to the Schweizerhalle method, as a third purification stage, and the permeate of the nanofiltration is a highly pure brine. The concentrate from this step is recirculated into the first stage of the brine purification.

Disclosed is a carbonation device including: a storage tank storing a carbonation subject solution; a droplet spray unit spraying the carbonation subject solution from the storage tank as droplets; a carbonation reaction tank disposed with the droplet spray unit and filled with a carbonation gas under a predetermined pressure to provide a slurry by a carbonation reaction of the droplet-sprayed carbonation subject solution with the filled carbonation gas; a carbonation gas supply unit supplying the carbonation gas into the carbonation reaction tank to maintain the carbonation gas in the carbonation reaction tank under the predetermined pressure; and a slurry outlet unit ejecting the slurry from the carbonation reaction tank to maintain the slurry formed in the carbonation reaction tank within a predetermined level, and a method of carbonation using the same.

Methods, systems, and apparatuses for anaerobic digestion of waste fibrous material and the recovery of nutrients are provided. Methods, systems, and apparatuses disclosed herein provide mechanisms to release dissolved gases from anaerobic digester effluent. Methods, systems and apparatuses disclosed herein can recover one or more nutrients from anaerobic digested effluent using a range of temperatures, aeration rates, aeration times, pH ranges, and settling times.

Cerium oxide powder having carbonate groups and made of crystalline primary particles containing cerium oxide and having carbonate groups on the surface and in a region close to the surface, and having a BET surface area of from 25 to 150 m²/g, a mean diameter of from 5 to 50 nm, a carbonate concentration in the region close to the surface decreasing inwardly from the surface, a carbon content due to carbonate groups on the surface of from 5 to 50% by area, a carbon content due to carbonate groups at a depth of about 5 nm in a region close to the surface of from 0 to 30% by area, a content of cerium oxide calculated as CeO₂ and based on the powder of at least 99.5% by weight and a content of organic and inorganic carbon of from 0.01 to 0.3% by weight. A dispersion containing this powder.

The present invention is directed to a water treatment composition, comprising: calcium hypochlorite coated with a coating comprising at least one hydrated or anhydrous salt. The present invention is also directed to a water treatment composition, comprising: (a) an inner core layer comprising calcium hypochlorite; (b) one or more interlayers of selected salts positioned on top of said inner core layer, and (c) one or more outer layers of selected salts positioned on top of said interlayer(s).

A process for the extraction of metals from an aqueous solution of metals in the form of their metal ions. The preparation and use of an efficient organic extractant and also the recovery from the organic extractant of the metal ions. A process for preparing an extractant solution where the extractant solution is a solution of a calcium ion or magnesium ion loaded extractant in a water-immiscible organic solvent, and where the extractant solution is suitable for extracting metal ions from an aqueous solution containing the metal ions, including mixing an aqueous solution of calcium ions or magnesium ions with a basic calcium salt or a basic magnesium salt and with a solution of an organic extractant in a water-immiscible organic solvent to form the extractant solution, and then separating the extractant solution from the aqueous solution.

A method for treating flue gas may include adding iron to a slurry in a ratio between approximately 20-to-1 and 5000-to-1 by weight of iron to a weight of mercury, selenium or other heavy metal to be removed from the flue gas, and contacting the slurry with the flue gas in a flue gas desulfurization system. A system for treating flue gas may include a scrubber, a slurry tank, and a water source. Water and limestone may be combined in the slurry tank to form a limestone slurry. At least a portion of the limestone slurry may be used to treat flue gas in the scrubber. Iron may be added to at least a portion of the limestone slurry used to treat flue gas in the scrubber. The iron used in either the method or system may be a ferrous or ferric salt, or elemental iron.

The present invention consists in a process for preparing at least one mineral material and/or at least one pigment, comprising a calcium carbonate made both partially organophilic and partially hydrophilic, wherein the carbonate is mixed and/or ground and/or concentrated in aqueous medium in the presence of at least one salt of ethylene acrylic acid, a dispersant and/or grinding aid being introduced before and/or during this treatment step. Another subject of the invention lies in the resulting dispersions and aqueous suspensions of calcium carbonate. They may be dried, and the dry pigments obtained likewise constitute a subject of the invention. The use of these aqueous dispersions and of these dry pigments in the field of plastics, paints and paper constitutes another subject of the invention.

A method for reducing mercury emission and/or re-emission in cleaned flue gas through control of sulfite concentration within a wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system is disclosed. One method for reducing mercury emission and/or re-emission through control of sulfite concentration is to measure the sulfite concentration of an aqueous alkaline slurry used in a WFGD system and comparing the same to a predetermined sulfite concentration value. If the comparison reveals the measured sulfite concentration is above the predetermined values, the amount of oxidation air supplied to the system is increased. If the comparison reveals the measured sulfite concentration is below the predetermined values, the amount of oxidation air supplied to the system is decreased.

A waterproof chalk composition including silicone oil, powdered chalk, and optional colorants, suitable for applying to a chalk line of a chalk line device, is provided. Methods of making and using the waterproof chalk composition using silicone oil, powdered chalk, and colorants, are provided. The waterproof chalk composition provided herein can be used or packaged immediately after preparation, and does not require a drying step to evaporate solvents. The waterproof chalk composition provided herein does not contain environmentally unfriendly components such as solvents.

A mixed extractant solvent including calix[4]arene-bis-(tert-octylbenzo)-crown-6 (“BOBCalixC6”), 4′,4′,(5′)-di-(t-butyldicyclo-hexano)-18-crown-6 (“DtBu18C6”), and at least one modifier dissolved in a diluent. The mixed extractant solvent may be used to remove cesium and strontium from an acidic solution. The DtBu18C6 may be present from approximately 0.01 M to approximately 0.4M, such as from approximately 0.086 M to approximately 0.108 M. The modifier may be 1-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)-3-(4-sec-butylphenoxy)-2-propanol (“Cs-7SB”) and may be present from approximately 0.01M to approximately 0.8M. In one embodiment, the mixed extractant solvent includes approximately 0.15M DtBu18C6, approximately 0.007M BOBCalixC6, and approximately 0.75M Cs-7SB modifier dissolved in an isoparaffinic hydrocarbon diluent. The mixed extractant solvent may form an organic phase in an extraction system that also includes an aqueous phase. Methods of extracting cesium and strontium as well as strontium alone are also disclosed.

A calcium carbonate having a surface treated with a surface treating agent containing a sodium salt or a potassium salt of a fatty acid, the surface treating agent containing a sodium salt or a potassium salt of palmitic acid in an amount of PW in terms of acid, the surface treating agent containing a sodium salt or a potassium salt of stearic acid in an amount of SW in terms of acid, a total amount of PW and SW being PW+SW≧90, a ratio of PW to SW being 0.30≦PW/SW≦1.1, the surface-treated calcium carbonate having a BET specific surface area of SA₂ of 15≦SA2≦48, and the sodium salt or the potassium salt of the fatty acid being used for the treatment in an amount of FA and a ratio (FA/SA₂) being 0.095≦FA/SA₂≦0.135.

A novel solution route has been developed that after heat-treatment to 500-600° C. under inert atmosphere, yields highly porous composites of nano-sized metal (Ni) particle inclusions in ceramics (Al₂O₃). Metal loadings could be made from <1% to >95% Ni. The metal inclusion sizes in the Ni-Al₂O₃ system with the 10 atom % Ni sample were 4-7 nm, while for the 75 atom % Ni sample they were 5-8 nm. It was shown that the 10 atom % Ni sample could be used as a catalyst for the conversion of CO₂ and CH₄ in the temperature range 550-700° C., while higher temperatures led to growth of the Ni particles and carbon poisoning over time. The solution routes could also be deposited as thin dense films containing <10 nm Ni particles. Such films with high Ni-particle loadings deposited on aluminium substrates have shown very good solar heat absorber proficiency and provide good substrates for carbon tube growth.

The invention relates to a synthesis method for hydrocalumites and a hydrocalumites based PVC complex heat stabilizer. The synthesis method comprises the following steps: performing co-precipitation reaction on the water solution of calcium salt and the water solution of aluminium salt under the existence of soluble carbonate and caustic alkali, so as to synthesize hydrocalumites, wherein the calcium salt comprises hydrated calcium chloride, the aluminium salt comprises aluminium chloride and sodium metaaluminate, the soluble carbonate comprises Na2CO3 or K2CO3, the caustic alkali comprises NaOH or KOH, and the typical structure of the hydrocalumites is Ca6Al2(OH)16CO3 . 4H2O and Ca4Al2(OH)12CO3 . 4H2O; preparing the hydrocalumites based PVC complex heat stabilizer from the hydrocalumites , calcium soaps, zinc soaps, a lubricant, a chelating agent and an antioxygen according to an appropriate proportion. Compared with the conventional PVC complex heat stabilizer, the hydrocalumites based PVC complex heat stabilizer provided by the invention has better preliminary hue and longer color-maintaining effect on the PVC and other superpolymers containing chlorine, and the long-term heat stability is excellent; besides, the PVC complex heat stabilizer has the characteristics of no toxicity, environmental protection, low cost, rich raw materials, and great convenience for manufacture and the like.