The invention provides a water quality monitoring system based on a high-resolution remote sensing satellite. The water quality monitoring system comprises a floating plate, a support, solar panels, awind wheel, vertical pipes, motors, clamping bolts, a transmission shaft, a transmission gear, a bearing, a cleaning brush, a light emitter, a light receiver, a circuit box and a sealing cover. The floating plate floats on the water surface, a support vertically penetrates through the floating plate, the bottom of the support is divided into two ends, one end is provided with the light emitter, and the other end is provided with the light receiver. The circuit box is arranged at the top of the support; the plurality of solar panels are arranged on the outer wall of the support; the two vertical pipes vertically penetrate through the floating plate, the transmission shaft is installed in the vertical pipes through bearings, and the wind wheel is installed at the top of the transmission shaft. The two motors are screwed on the top surface of the floating plate, the clamping bolts are sleeved on output shafts of the motors, and the clamping bolts and the vertical pipes form a lead screwnut structure; the transmission gear is arranged at the bottom ends of the vertical pipes, and the bottom end of the transmission shaft is processed into a horizontal gear meshed with the transmissiongear; and the inner end of the transmission gear is in pin joint with the cleaning brush for cleaning the light emitter and the light receiver.