The invention discloses a two-stage homogenization heat treatment method for a high-strength nickel-based superalloy cast ingot, and belongs to the technical field of metal materials. The alloy comprises the following basic components: 15%-18% of Cr, 15%-20% of Co, 0.5%-1.5% of Ti, 3.5%-4.5% of Al, 5%-8.5% of W, less than or equal to 0.5% of Si, less than or equal to 0.5% of Mn, 0.5%-1.5% of Nb, 0.03%-0.08% of C and the balance of Ni. The method comprises the following treatment steps of: loading a nickel alloy ingot into a heat treatment furnace at the temperature of less than or equal to 600 DEG C; heating to 1180-1100 DEG C, controlling the heating speed to be 5-10 DEG C / min, and carrying out first-stage heat treatment; carrying out heat preservation for 12-48 hours at 1180-1100 DEG C, carrying out second-stage heat treatment, controlling the heating speed to be 5 DEG C / min, and carrying out heat preservation for 48-120 hours at 1200-1240 DEG C; and cooling the ingot subjected to heat treatment to below 700 DEG C along with the furnace, and then air-cooling to room temperature, or directly air-cooling. According to the high-strength nickel alloy cast ingot treated through the technology, the eutectic structure in the cast ingot can be effectively eliminated, meanwhile, composition segregation is eliminated, the obtained structure is uniform, the homogenizing heat treatment time is effectively shortened, and energy consumption and production cost are reduced.