The invention relates to a heat treatment process development and improvement method of a martensitic stainless steel 1Cr17Ni2 screw. The process comprises a charging procedure, a quenching procedure, a quenching cooling procedure and a tempering and tempering cooling procedure. According to the heat treatment process method, by improving heat treatment process parameters such as the quenching temperature, the tempering temperature and the quenching medium, the quenching temperature and the tempering temperature are greatly reduced, original oil medium quenching is changed into F2000 water-based liquid quenching, the using temperature of water-based liquid is strictly controlled, an austenitized workpiece is rapidly immersed into the water-based liquid to be cooled, and accordingly, martensite transformation is achieved. According to the process, the mechanical property index of 1Cr17Ni2 material products is improved, the one-time qualification rate is greatly increased and reaches 98% or above, due to the fact that the quenching temperature and the tempering temperature are greatly reduced, the electricity consumption cost is greatly reduced, the problem that original heat treatment parts are directly scrapped and cannot be produced due to cracks generated on the surfaces is solved, and performance indexes meet the requirements of design drawings after the process is improved. The water-based liquid is used for cooling, so that environmental pollution is avoided, and the medium consumption cost is reduced.