The invention relates to an expansion device and a processing method for facing of a large-size medium-thickness cylindrical part. The expansion device adopts the technical scheme that the expansion device comprises a base, a guide plate, an expansion block, a guide seat, an expansion jacking head, a conical head, a support plate, a guide column b, a loosening jacking head, a single-action hydraulic oil cylinder, a manual hydraulic cylinder and a high pressure hydraulic oil pipe, wherein the base is formed by welding an upper support plate, a lower support plate and support columns, the support columns are uniformly distributed along the circumference, the guide seat is fixedly arranged on the upper support plate of the base through a bolt, the guide seat is provided with an inner cavity, the guide column b is fixedly arranged on the lower support plate of the base through a bolt, and the guide seat, the guide column b and the base are coaxially arranged. By adopting the technical scheme, the expansion device has the advantages that the problems of large self weight, higher rigidity, and unreliable manual expansion of traditional thread in the large-size medium-thickness cylindrical part are solved; the manufacturing is simple, the time is shortened, the labor is saved, the fund is reduced, the implementation is easy, and the working efficiency is improved.