The invention discloses a fuel cell and supercapacitor hybrid propulsion system for a shield electric locomotive. The fuel cell and supercapacitor hybrid propulsion system comprises a fuel cell module, a BOOST converter, a supercapacitor module, a bidirectional DC/DC converter, a DC/AC inverter and a PWM drive isolation circuit, a power supply circuit, an electric locomotive operation controller,a signal conditioning circuit, a ring temperature sensor, a GPS module, a three-axis acceleration sensor, a touch display, a clock and reset circuit and a CAN interface, wherein the signal conditioning circuit, the ring temperature sensor, the GPS module, the three-axis acceleration sensor, the touch display, the clock and reset circuit and the CAN interface are connected with the electric locomotive operation controller. The fuel cell and supercapacitor hybrid propulsion system has the beneficial effects that the fuel cell and the supercapacitor hybrid propulsion system can quickly provide high-power currents when the shield electric locomotive starts, accelerates, climbs and encounters large running resistance, and the power performance and economy of the shield electric locomotive are improved; the instantaneous large current generated by a traction motor can be quickly recovered during braking to realize the absorption of regenerative braking energy, and the electric locomotive cancontinue to operate when working media of a fuel cell are sufficient.