41 results about "Alopecurus aequalis" patented technology

The invention discloses a haloxyfop-r-methyl-containing herbicide composition. The haloxyfop-r-methyl-containing herbicide composition is utilized for controlling gramineous weeds, broad-leaved weeds and sedge weeds in broad-leaved crop fields. The haloxyfop-r-methyl-containing herbicide composition comprises active components of 1, a compound A, wherein the compound A is haloxyfop-r-methyl, and 2, a herbicide mixed synergistic active component B, wherein the herbicide mixed synergistic active component B is one or more of diphenyl ether herbicides, sulfonylurea herbicides or benzothiazine dione herbicides. A weight ratio of haloxyfop-r-methyl to the herbicide mixed synergistic active component B is (1 to 30%): (0.5 to 50%). The haloxyfop-r-methyl-containing herbicide composition can be processed into all realizable dosage forms. The haloxyfop-r-methyl-containing herbicide composition can be widely utilized for controlling gramineous weeds such as barnyard grass, green bristlegrass, alopecurus aequalis, crabgrass, annual bluegrass and moleplant seed, broad-leaved weeds such as purslane, solanum nigrum, cocklebur, bindweed, chenopodium album and goosegrass herb, and sedge weeds in soybean and peanut fields, wherein the broad-leaved weeds are difficult to be controlled. The haloxyfop-r-methyl-containing herbicide composition has the characteristics of wide weed control spectrum, safety on crops, and high efficiency.

The invention relates to a weeding composition containing florasulam and clodinafop-propargyl, a preparation method and use thereof, wherein, the weeding composition is composed of a compound (A)-the florasulam and a compound (B)-the clodinafop-propargyl. The weeding composition of the invention obtained based on a proper mixing ratio can be processed into conventional formulations of pesticide such as wettable powder, suspension concentrate, water dispersible granules and the like by adopting a modern pesticide preparation processing technology, and the weeding composition can be used for controlling gramineous weeds and broadleaf weeds in fields such as cleavers, lithospermum arvense, alisma rhizome, common vetch, chickweed, capsella, silene jenisseensis willd, chorispora tenella, pennsylvania bittercress, stellaria alsine grimm, polygonum convolvulus, salvia alopecurus aequalis, wild oat, animated oat, brachiaria, crabgrass, barnyard grass, goosegrass, Italian ryegrass, goosefoot, common annual bluegrass, setaria glauca, green bristlegrass herb, Johnson grass and the like. The weeding composition has obvious control effect compared with the mode of only using the compound (A) or the compound (B) and significantly reduces application dosage of each active substance; and the weeding composition has great ecological and environmental protection significance.

The invention relates to the technical field of poultry breeding, specifically to a high-yield breeding method for a goose. The high-yield breeding method comprises the following steps: site selection of a goose house, cleaning of the goose house, selection of a breeding goose, breeding, management of the goose house, etc. According to the invention, a method of combining free drinking of water, free intaking of a feed and feeding with a fermented feed is adopted for feeding, wherein a traditional Chinese medicinal additive is added into the fermented feed or drinking water; the fermented feed is prepared by fermentation of the following main raw materials in parts by weight: capsella bursa-pastoris, Russian forage, alopecurus aequalis sobol, rumex acetosa, rhus chinensis mill leaves, ramie leaves, etc.; and the traditional Chinese medicinal additive is prepared from the following main raw materials: Chinese taxillus herb, Chinese pyrola herb, cyrtomium rhizome, scabrous elephantfoot herb, encalyptus robusta smith, stemona root, etc. The breeding method provided by the invention is scientific and reasonable, does not use chemical agents like antibiotics, effectively improves digestion, absorption and utilization rates of the feed, increases the weight of the goose, significantly enhances the physique and the immunity of the goose, promotes healthy growth of the goose, and enables goose meat to be delicious, tender and rich in nutrition.

The invention belongs to the technical field of pesticides and particularly relates to a synergistic weeding composition for preventing and controlling herbicide-resistant weeds in wheat fields. The synergistic weeding composition includes an active component and an active component B, wherein the active component A is bis carfentrazone, the active ingredient B is an isoxazole compound fenoxasulfone. The composition is sprayed to stems and leaves before a four-leaf stage after weeds emerge from the ground, can effectively prevent and control descurainia sophia, shepherd's purse, lithospermum arvense and other broad-leaf weeds and alopecurus aequalis Sobol, Italian ryegrass, bromegrass and other grassy weeds, is remarkable in synergistic effect and also has the remarkable preventing and killing effect on the weeds resistant to ALS inhibitor type herbicides and ACCase inhibitor type herbicides after being compounded. The synergistic weeding composition is lower in compounding cost, simple to apply, remarkable in synergistic preventing and killing effect and convenient to popularize and has important economic and social values.

The invention discloses bipolaris panici-miliacei (Yi.Nisik.) Shoemaker (SX-5-2) and a screening method and application thereof. The bipolaris panici-miliacei (Yi.Nisik.) Shoemaker (SX-5-2) has been preserved in the general microbiological center of Chinese microbial species preservation management committee, and the preservation number is CGMCC No.13887. The concentration of conidium which utilizes the bipolaris panici-miliacei (Yi.Nisik.) Shoemaker (SX-5-2) is more than 104 per milliliter, and the bipolaris panici-miliacei (Yi.Nisik.) Shoemaker (SX-5-2) is used for biological weeding, can be safely used in Oryza sativa L., Triticum aestivum L., sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Glycine max (Linn.) Merr., Gossypium spp and vegetable crop fields as well as Festuca elata Keng ex E. Alexeev and Zoysia japonica Sreud., and is used for controlling gramineous weeds such as Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., Echinoochloa crusgalli (l.) Beauv., Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees, Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus, Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. and Poa annua L., as well as microstegium related genera plant such as Eccoilopus cotulifer (Thunb.) A., Miscanthus sinensis anderss., Eulalia speciosa, Microstegium japonicum, Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) makino, Sorghym sudanense (Piper stapf). The controlling effect on target weeds can reach more than 80%. The bipolaris panici-miliacei (Yi.Nisik.) Shoemaker (SX-5-2) has the characteristics of safety and environmental protection.

The invention discloses a herbicide composition containing atrazine and terbuthylazine and a preparation method thereof. The composition takes atrazine and terbuthylazine as active ingredients. The herbicide composition disclosed by the invention can effectively prevent and kill grass such as alopecurus aequalis, hairy finger and green bristlegrass in corn fields, and the preventing effect of the composition is much higher than that of atrazine or terbuthylazine alone; in addition, the use of the composition not only can improve medicine effects, but also can reduce medicine dosage, save economic cost, greatly reduce dosage of each active matter, reduce residual of medicine in the environment, delay the generation of resistance in grass and prolong the service life of the medicine; and thus, the herbicide composition has a great ecological and environment-protection significance.

The invention relates to a cyhalofop-butyl oil suspending agent which consists of the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 15 to 25 percent of cyhalofop-butyl, 7 to 9 percent of a surfactant, 2 to 4 percent of diethyl malonate, 1 to 3 percent of fumed silica, 0.1 to 0.3 percent of simethicone, 0.2 to 0.4 percent of sodium benzoate and the balance of corn oil. The cyhalofop-butyl oil suspending agent disclosed by the invention is high in suspension rate and stable in performance. The cyhalofop-butyl oil suspending agent is mainly used for preventing and removing important grassy weeds, has high efficiency for moleplant seeds, has a certain control effect on low-age barnyard grass and can also be used for preventing and removing digitaria sanguinalis, paspalum distichum, setaria viridis, eleusine indica, alopecurus aequalis and the like.

The invention discloses cyhalofop-butyl microemulsion and a preparation method thereof. The microemulsion comprises the components in percentage by weight: 1 to 50 percent of cyhalofop-butyl, 1 to 20 percent of solvent, 1 to 20 percent of cosolvent, 5 to 30 percent of emulsifier and 50 to 90 percent of water. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: uniformly stirring and mixing the solvent, the cosolvent and the cyhalofop-butyl according to the weight percentage at the rotation speed of 50 to 200 revolutions per minute; adding the emulsifier according to a required ratio, and uniformly stirring; and finally adding the water and continuously stirring for 1 to 2 hours to prepare a uniform and transparent solution product. The cyhalofop-butyl microemulsion is mainly used for preventing and controlling gramineous weeds such as caper euphorbia seed, echinochloa crusgalli, digitaria sanguinalis, paspalum distichum, setaria viridis, eleusine indica, alopecurus aequalis and the like in rice seedling field, direct seeding field and transplanting field. The microemulsion can effectively improve the use efficiency of the medicament, and reduce environmental pollution.

The invention provides a weeding compound used for killing and preventing gramineous weeds in paddy fields. The weeding compound is ethyl(2R)-2-[4-(4-cyano 2-fluorophenoxy)-phenoxy]propionic ester. A preparation method comprises following steps: hydroquinone and (S)-(-)-2-chloropropionic acid are subjected to Williamson etherification reaction at alkaline conditions so as to obtain (R)2-[4-hydroxy-phenoxy]propionic acid; reaction with a strong base is carried out so as to obtain (R)2-[4-(4-cyano 2-fluorophenoxy)-phenoxy]propionic acid; and reaction with a strong base is carried out so as to obtain ethyl(2R)-2-[4-(4-cyano 2-fluorophenoxy)-phenoxy]propionic ester. The preparation method is simple; reaction is mild; no high temperature high pressure condition is needed; reaction time is relatively short; yield is high; the weeding compound can be used for killing Euphorbia lathyris with high efficiency, and can also be used for killing crab grass, paspalum distichum, green bristlegrass, eleusine indica, and alopecurus aequalis, and possesses excellent killing effect on barnyard grass with drug resistance; and the using amount is less than that of cyhalofop-butyl.

The invention discloses a chemical fertilizer for cotton rose and a preparation method thereof. The chemical fertilizer for cotton rose comprises the following components in parts by weight: 100-120 parts of sheep manure, 2-4 parts of microzyme, 3-5 parts of photosynthetic bacteria, 8-10 parts of decomposing bacterium, 50-70 parts of dentes foxtail, 40-60 parts of crab grass, 40-60 parts of citric acid slag, 30-50 parts of manioc waste, 40-50 parts of ground phosphorite, 18-20 parts of urea and 150-170 parts of water. The chemical fertilizer for cotton rose can satisfy the nutrients required by the growth of the cotton rose for the whole year, has the effects of automatically decomposing the soil and improving the soil environment, and does not need the supplementary fertilizer, thereby saving the economic investment.

The invention relates to a low temperature-resistant glufosinate-glyphosate water aqua. The low temperature-resistant glufosinate-glyphosate water aqua comprises the following components (by weight):5-10% of glufosinate, 30-50% of glyphosate isopropylamine, 1-10% of alkyl glycoside, 1-10% of tallow ammonium polyoxyethylene ether, 1-5% of sorbitol, 1-5% of glucose, 1-5% of polyethylene glycol 400and the balance of water, and totally 100%. The water aqua has very good low temperature resistance, and can be used for controlling weeds such as cyperus rotundus, alopecurus aequalis, cyperus difformis and green bristlegrass.

The invention discloses an amur foxtail and paeonia ostii health-care moon cake and a preparing method. The amur foxtail and paeonia ostii health-care moon cake is prepared from, by weight, 5-10 parts of amur foxtail, 20-25 parts of paeonia ostii, 40-80 parts of low gluten wheat flour, 8-10 parts of matcha powder, 20-30 parts of lotus seed powder, 15-20 parts of shredded coconut stuffing, 30-40 parts of white granulated sugar, 15-20 parts of edible oil, 30-50 parts of maltitol and 3-5 parts of alkaline water. The prepared moon cake is exquisite in appearance and bright in color, the natural color and the special faint scent of green tea are endowed to the moon cake, the functionality and nutrient ingredients of amur foxtail and paeonia ostii are fully used, and the demands of consumers for nutrition, health-care and tastes of food are met.

The invention discloses clodinafop-propargyl emulsion in water and a preparation method thereof. The clodinafop-propargyl emulsion in water is characterized by consisting of the following components: 8 percent of clodinafop-propargyl, 2 percent of safener, 20 percent of organic solvent, 10 percent of surfactant, 0.5 percent of pH regulator, 5 percent of anti-freezing agent, 1 percent of thickening agent, 0.1 percent of defoaming agent and the balance of water. Field efficacy trials of Anhui Pesticide Verification Office show that the consumption of the 8% clodinafop-propargyl emulsion in water is 66 milliliters per mu, the control effect of the emulsion in water on annual gramineous weed such as bluegrass, alopecurus aequalis, crabgrass and wild oat is 81.35, the control effect of the emulsion in water on fresh weight is 84.79, the control effect of 8% clodinafop-propargyl missible oil on the weed is 76.89, and the control effect of the missible oil is 80.92. Obviously, the control effect of the clodinafop-propargyl emulsion in water is higher than that of the missible oil product under the same consumption.

The invention discloses a paddy field weeding composition containing triafamone. The effective component of the weeding composition is prepared from a component A and a component B, the component A isthe triafamone, and the component B is benthiocarb or molinate; the mass ratio of the component A to the component B is (1 to 40) to (10 to 90). The weeding composition has a synergistic effect, is mainly used for annual weeds of paddy rice direct-seeding fields or transplanting fields, effectively prevents and weeds the annual cyperus rotundus including barnyard grass, paspalum distichum, scirpus planiculmis, fescue, cyperus difformis, leptochloa chinensis, digitaria sanguinalis, yard grass, green bristlegrass, cyperus iria, amaranthus lividus and alopecurus aequalis and the like and has theadvantages that the weeding activity is high, the weed control spectrum is wide, and use is convenient; moreover, the weeding composition is safe to paddy rice and is an environment-friendly weed killer.

The invention provides a weeding composition containing propanil and profoxydim. The active ingredients of the weeding composition comprise propanil and profoxydim, and the mass ratio of propanil to profoxydim in the weeding composition is 15:1 to 1:10. Within the proportioning range, the composition not only has a remarkable control effect on gramineous weeds, broadleaf weeds and cyperaceae weeds in a rice field, but also has a certain control effect on wild oats and amur foxtail in a wheat field, is suitable for controlling weeds in a crop rotation field, and has the characteristics of wide weed control spectrum, good control effect, safety and harmlessness.

The embodiment of the invention discloses a dispersible oil suspension concentrate taking glyphosate as an effective component and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of pesticides. The dispersible oil suspension concentrate taking glyphosate as the effective component is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass: 25-35% of glyphosate, 10-20% of an emulsifier, 1-8% of a dispersing agent, 1-10% of a synergist, and 0.05-2% of a thickening agent, with the balance being a dispersion medium, and the sum being 100%. The dispersible oil suspension concentrate disclosed by the invention is qualified in low-temperature fluidity, dispersion stability and heat storage stability, stable in quality and good in performance; the surface tension is relatively low, the utilization rate of the preparation in use is improved, and the pesticide effect can be better exerted. The dispersible oil suspension concentrate has good control effects on gramineous weeds such as Setaria viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Indian goosegrass and Alopecurus aequalis, raw materials are easily available, the preparation process is simple and industrial production is easy.

The invention discloses a tranquilizing pharmaceutical composition for psychiatric nursing, comprising, by weight, 10-16 parts of tender stem of Artemisia integrifolia, 15-22 parts of herb of Pimpinella coriacea, 6-15 parts of water chestnut, 5-11 parts of culm medium of Chinese tuldoide bamboo, 7-17 parts of indigoplant fruit, 5-18 parts of seed of flatstem milkvetch, 6-14 parts of root of pernyholly, 2-6 parts of largeflowered lychnis herb, 4-10 parts of bael fruit, 4-10 parts of root of unilocular crateva, 2-5 parts of herb of Alopecurus aequalis, 3-7 parts of root or leaf of Japanese maesa, 4-10 parts of carapace of mitten crab, 2-6 parts of cicada slough, 3-6 parts of Indian bread with hostwood, and 4-8 parts of vegetable oil. The tranquilizing pharmaceutical composition is effectivein treating insomnia, anxiety and depression, requires short treatment time, and has no toxic or side effects but significant curative effect, with rarity of recurrence; the preparation method is simple, easy to implement and easy to popularize in the market.

The invention belongs to the technical field of pesticides and discloses a mixed herbicide containing pyroxsulam, fluroxypyr and florasulam. The mixed herbicide takes pyroxsulam, fluroxypyr and florasulam as main effective components and the mass ratio of pyroxsulam to fluroxypyr to florasulam is (1-80) to (1-40) to (1-60). The mixed herbicide can be applied to prevention and removal of weeds in oilseed rape fields. According to the mixed herbicide provided by the invention, the weeding spectrum is enlarged by the mixing of the herbicide and the weeding effect is improved; and the herbicide has the advantages of rapid effect, long lasting period, delaying of herbicide drug resistance, complete weeding, low residues, low toxin, safety and environment friendliness and the like; and the herbicide is a high-quality chemical herbicide of the oilseed rape fields, is safe to oilseed rapes, and has prominent prevention and treatment effects on grassy weeds, euphorbiaceae weeds, caryophyllaceae weeds, and rubiaceae weeds, such as oat, alopecurus aequalis, barnyard grass, euphorbia helioscopia, leptochloa chinensis, galium aparine, stellaria media and malachium aquaticum.

The invention provides a traditional Chinese medicine for treating alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head and a preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine. The traditional Chinese medicine comprises the following raw herbs: edible debregeasia root and leaf, all-grass of capitatestigma willowweed, herb of Chinese chlamydoboea, pueraria stem, Alopecurus aequalis Sobol., root of citrusleaf glycosmis, glomeris, limonite, longstamen onion bulb, longhairy antenoron herb, delavay fir seed, Pittosporum illicioides Makino, small-leaved desmodium, wight parnassia herb, all-grass of Arcuaate iolet and flower or root of Lightyellow snapweed. The traditional Chinese medicine and the preparation method thereof have the following benefits: the traditional Chinese medicine can be used together with the western medicine interventional therapy to treat alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of a femoral head, the cure rate and the total effective rate are effectively improved, and toxic and side effects, as well as adverse effects, are prevented.

The invention relates to a medicinal preparation for treating femoral neck fracture, which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 6 parts of Acer mono, 5 parts of barberry root, 8 parts of isatis indigotica leaf, 7 parts of Rhodobryum roseum, 8 parts of Spiraea japonica, 9 parts of Poria cocos, 4 parts of pericarpium citri reticulatae viride, 7 parts of Amomum tsao-Ko, 6 parts of Epilobium roylea-num, 3 parts of Alopecurus aequalis, 8 parts of chrysanthemum morifolium flower, 5 parts of Begonia cathayana, 3 parts Rungia pectinata, 5 parts of pericarpium citri reticulatae, and 7 parts of endothelium corneum gigeriae galli. The medicinal preparation for treating femoral neck fracture, which is provided by the invention, is prepared from natural materials, has good safety and definite therapeutic effect, and is suitable for large-scale clinical generalization.

The invention belongs to the field of traditional Chinese medicines and discloses a traditional Chinese medicine preparation for treating infantile diarrhea and a preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine preparation for treating infantile diarrhea. Raw materials of effective components of the traditional Chinese medicine preparation include sorghum, aleuritopteris, malt, alopecurus aequalis, rosa roxburghii tratt, cucumber root, cortex fraxini, dichotomy forked fern, semen castanopsis sclerophyllae, gnaphalium japonicum, salted immature plum, medicated leaven, myrica rubra, radix cynanchi bungei, flos castaneae mollissimae and herba orobanches. The traditional Chinese medicine preparation is appropriate in compatibility and complementary in component and has efficacies of intestine astringing, diarrhea relieving, blood circulation promoting, bleeding arresting, digestion promoting, stasis relieving, heat clearing, damp drying, spleen strengthening, stomach harmonizing, saliva secretion promoting, depression relieving and the like; due to synergetic effects of the medicinal materials, the traditional Chinese medicine preparation is capable of directly acting on lesion parts, has advantages of quick action, high cure rate, freeness of toxic and side effects, safety and convenience in treatment of symptoms including fever, vomit, stomachache, poor appetite, dehydration, diarrhea and the like caused by infantile diarrhea and is low in cost and easy to prepare.

The invention discloses a red soil terrace terrace wall stability maintaining method based on a root system structure. The stability maintaining method comprises the following steps that planted alopecurus aequalis and dicranopteris pedata are transplanted, the ladder walls are divided into multiple rows, the alopecurus aequalis and the dicranopteris pedata in each row are alternately planted, the distance between different plants is kept to be 12-17 cm, and the distance between the same plants is 25-30 cm; watering is conducted once every 3-4 days, and growth of plant roots is promoted. By adopting the amur foxtail and dicranopteris pedata composite planting mode, firstly, the selected grass seeds have the characteristics of being humid, developed in root system, high in soil conservation and the like; secondly, the shear capacity and the residual shear strength of the ladder wall root soil complex are improved; thirdly, the terrace ladder wall stability is improved; fourthly, the landscape effect of the terrace and the ladder wall is improved.

The invention discloses a spray used for treating hand-foot-mouth disease. The spray is mainly prepared from following medical ingredients: 20 to 60 parts of alopecurus aequalis sobol, 15 to 20 parts of radix sophorae flavescentis, 10 to 35 parts of radix sanguisorbae, 15 to 28 parts of poria cocos, 20 to 50 parts of herb of common leibnitzia, 15 to 30 parts of radix arnebiae seu lithospermi, and 10 to 40 parts of herb of twinleaf zornia. The spray is obvious in effects; symptoms of most patients are improved obviously after three days of consumption of the spray; the spray is used for direct administration at infected parts, and is capable of relieving pain of patients greatly, realizing indoor sterilization and disinfection, and controlling infection sources; and even symptoms of patients with severe symptoms are improved obviously after five days of consumption of the spray.

The invention discloses a production method of a cyhalofop-butyl micro-emulsion, and belongs to the field of herbicides. The finished cyhalofop-butyl micro-emulsion is prepared by blending raw materials comprising cyhalofop-butyl, dimethyl formamide, glycol, lignosulfonate and water under specific conditions. The preparation method has the advantages of use of a general apparatus, simple process, mild reaction condition, no emission of pollutant wastes, and good product quality. The cyhalofop-butyl micro-emulsion is mainly used for killing weeds in rice seedling beds, direct seeding fields, transplanting fields and throwing seedling fields, is highly safe to rice, has a special efficacy on moleplant seed and barnyard grass, and can prevent above 30 grassy weeds, such as Paspalum distichum, crab grass, Setaria viridis, Eleusine indica, Alopecurus aequalis and other grassy weeds.

The invention provides medicine for treating rhinitis and belongs to the technical field of medicine. The medicine is mainly prepared from Scindapsus officinalis, Elatostema ichangense, Chinese toona juice, aloe, felwort, Artemisia capillaris, Juncus, Chinese waxgourd peel, green tangerine peel, Radix bupleuri, rose root, Caulis akebiae, Herba centellae, root and rhizome of faber meadowrue, cactus, tuber fern, Rostellularia procumbens, Achillea sibirca, Alopecurus aequalis, root of Polygala caudata, Medicago lupulina, Semen lablab ablum, Radix cynanchi, Caragana root and Semen ziziphi spinosae. Active pharmaceutical ingredients are selected to prepare the medicine, the medicine is reasonably formulated, active ingredients in the medicine are combined, supplementary and synergistic and jointly function in freeing lung to open orifice, clearing heat to purge fire, soothing liver to break qi, dispelling wind and damp, nourishing yin and blood, and the medicine has remarkable effect when being used for treating rhinitis and is short in treatment period, high in healing rate, thorough in treatment, capable of treating both symptoms and root causes and firm in treatment effect. In addition, raw materials adopted to prepare the medicine are natural and harmless, so that the medicine is mild in potency, free of toxic and side effect to human body and safe and reliable.

The invention provides a pyriftalid-containing weeding composition. The active ingredients of the pyriftalid-containing weeding composition comprise pyriftalid and profoxydim, and the mass ratio of pyriftalid to profoxydim in the weeding composition is (20: 1)-(1: 10). Within the ratio range, the composition not only has a remarkable control effect on gramineous weeds, broadleaf weeds and cyperaceae weeds in a rice field, but also has a certain control effect on wild oats and amur foxtail in a wheat field, is suitable for control of weeds in a crop rotation field, is safe and harmless to crops and human bodies, and is suitable for large-area use and popularization.