167 results about "Flowering plant" patented technology

The invention provides a water-based suspension pesticide composition. The water-based suspension pesticide composition comprises the following components: a solvent deionized water; based on the mass of the solvent, the core-shell structure active particles account for 0.5-20w%; based on the mass of the solvent, 0.01-5w% of a suspension stabilizer; the core-shell structure active particles are humidity response microspheres resistant to acid and alkali, the core-shell structure active particles are used, intermolecular acting force is reduced, particle agglomeration is reduced, dispersity of active ingredients is improved, a natural polymer material is adopted as a shell, biocompatibility is good, biodegradability is achieved, pollution to the environment is reduced, and the core-shell structure active particles are environmentally friendly. Meanwhile, the PEG-PCL block copolymer is introduced, so that the pesticide release rate can be accurately controlled according to the environment humidity change, and the pesticide utilization rate is increased. Moreover, the chitosan-sodium alginate composite gel of the particle shell layer is stably and slowly released in neutral and weakly alkaline soil, in acidic and strongly alkaline environments, the microspheres are prevented from collapsing, the stability of the particle slow-release system in soil with different PH values is improved, and the application range of the active particles is expanded.

The present invention relates to the technical field of agricultural flower planting, and specifically to a soilless cultivation equipment and cultivation method for agricultural flower planting, comprising: a pump body is provided on the side of a support frame, a circulation pump body is provided on the other side of the support frame, a seedling tray is provided in a soilless cultivation box, a placement groove is provided on the side of the soilless cultivation box, a storage frame is provided in the placement groove, a positioning frame is provided above the storage frame, and an atomizing nozzle is provided in the positioning frame; the beneficial effect is: when it is necessary to spray nutrient solution on the leaves of the flowers, the storage frame can be lifted from the placement groove, and then the positioning frame can be rotated to adjust the angle of the atomizing nozzle in the positioning frame, and then the circulation pump body can be started to spray the nutrient solution onto the leaf surface of the flower plant to improve the nourishment of the leaves, thereby avoiding the troublesome problem that the flowers or vegetable leaves cannot be sprayed with nutrient solution or need to be manually sprayed and irrigated.

Disclosed are a protein TaNHX2 related to wheat drought stress, and a gene encoding same and the use thereof. The technical problem to be solved is how to improve the drought resistance of Angiospermae plants. Specifically, disclosed is the use of a protein as shown in sequence 2 or 4, a substance that up-regulates or enhances or improves the expression of the gene encoding the protein, or a substance that up-regulates or enhances or improves the activity or content of the protein, which use is characterized in that the use is any one of: A1) use in the improvement of the drought resistance of Angiospermae plants; and A2) use in the preparation of a product for improving the drought resistance of Angiospermae plants. Improving the expression of the protein in Angiospermae plants can improve the drought resistance of the plants. The present invention can be applied to agricultural production.

The invention discloses intelligent irrigation equipment for flower planting, and relates to the technical field of flower planting equipment.The intelligent irrigation equipment comprises a supporting column, a water circulation assembly, a flowerpot, an impurity filtering tank, an anti-blocking assembly and an adjusting assembly.The supporting column is used for supporting the whole equipment, and the water circulation assembly is used for collecting irrigation water infiltrating from the bottom of the flowerpot; the anti-blocking assembly is located in the water circulation assembly and used for preventing downward seepage water from being blocked in the conveying process, the impurity filtering tank is located in the water circulation assembly, and the adjusting assembly is located outside a supporting column and used for manually adjusting the measuring height and the irrigation height according to the height of a flowerpot. Infiltration irrigation water is collected through the water seepage holes in the bottom of the flowerpot, recycling of water resources is achieved, the actual irrigation water consumption can be reduced, the cost of indoor flower irrigation is reduced, and the continuity of water circulation is ensured and the filtering efficiency is improved through the impurity filtering tank and the anti-blocking assembly.

Large amounts of high-accuracy annotated data are generally required to train a machine learning model to accurately classify input images. These requirements are significantly increased when the distribution of the images vary significantly with respect to factors like lighting, cultivar strain, or other conditions that are irrelevant to the factor of interest to be classified. Embodiments described herein employ generative adversarial networks to bootstrap a large amount of unlabeled images of a target (e.g., flowering plant) to learn the “classification irrelevant” aspects of the distribution of input images, allowing significantly smaller numbers of accurately labeled images to be used to obtain desired levels of classification accuracy. These embodiments can be used to identify flowering status in images of plants, or to identify other states in other subjects of interest where images thereof may represent significant factors (e.g., lighting, weather) that are not relevant to the classification task.

The utility model provides an environment-friendly waterproof structure, and relates to the field of building waterproof structures. Two rows of top bolts symmetrically penetrate through the outer eaves of the left side and the right side of the flexible plastic waterproof pad, the flexible plastic waterproof pad is fixed to a roof through the two rows of top bolts, and a plurality of rows of planting grooves are formed in the top end of the flexible plastic waterproof pad at equal intervals; the planting groove is of a rectangular structure, the interior of the planting groove is filled with soil, and green plants and flower plants for greening and environmental protection are planted in the soil; a soil sealing plate is embedded in an opening in the top end of the planting groove in a sealing and covering mode, the whole soil sealing plate is of a U-shaped structure, two L-shaped clamping plates are symmetrically and downwards welded to the top ends of a left side plate and a right side plate of the soil sealing plate, and two soil filtering assemblies can intercept and filter residual and mingled soil in overflowing water through nylon filtering wires evenly and densely distributed on the two soil filtering assemblies; the soil content in the rainwater is further reduced, and the probability that a roof drainage system is blocked and the water and soil loss of soil in the planting groove are further reduced.

The invention relates to a high-foot drainage flowerpot which comprises a flowerpot installation capillary drainage device, and the space and the height from a drainage hole in the bottom of the flowerpot to the ground are increased by lengthening flowerpot supporting feet. The capillary drainage device is made of materials with capillary water absorption, such as cotton threads, cloth strips, paper tapes, fiber rods and hemp ropes, the capillary drainage device is installed by increasing the height of the supporting legs of the flowerpot, and accumulated water in soil of the flowerpot is drained out of the flowerpot through the capillary drainage device. The capillary drainage device is installed on the flowerpot by extending the flowerpot supporting legs, the drainage performance of the flowerpot is improved under the capillary water absorption effect, the root stuffy and rotten phenomena occurring when flower plants are planted in the flowerpot are reduced, and the quality and survival rate of the flower plants planted in the flowerpot are improved.

The planting frame with the windproof function comprises a supporting frame, a planting shell is fixedly installed at the top of the supporting frame, a protective frame is installed on the outer wall of the planting shell in a sliding mode, a first stand column and a second stand column are fixedly installed at the two ends of the top of the supporting frame respectively, and a threaded rod is installed at the top of the first stand column in a penetrating mode. The end, located in the first stand column, of the threaded rod is rotationally installed at the bottom of the inner wall of the first stand column, and the protective frame body, the first stand column, the threaded rod, a threaded cylinder, a first block body and a second stand column are arranged and used in cooperation, so that in strong wind weather, the threaded rod can be rotated by rotating a crank, and the threaded rod can rotate; and then the first block body ascends to drive the protective frame body to slide and ascend on the outer wall of the planting shell, so that flowers planted in the planting shell are protected, and the situation that the flowers are blown off due to too large wind power, even stems and leaves are broken off, and normal growth of the flowers is affected to a certain extent can be avoided.

The utility model relates to the technical field of flower planting, in particular to a flowerpot for flower planting. The utility model provides a flower planting flowerpot with a maintenance function. A flowerpot for flower planting comprises a bottom frame, a small frame, a square box, a round box, a water inlet, a connecting round pipe, a spray pipe, a round water pump and the like. The bottom frame is fixedly connected with a small frame, the small frame is fixedly connected with a square box, the small frame is fixedly connected with a round box, the round box is fixedly connected with a water inlet and a connecting round pipe, the square box is fixedly connected with a spray pipe, one end of the connecting round pipe is communicated with the round box, the other end of the connecting round pipe is communicated with the spray pipe, and the connecting round pipe is fixedly connected with a round water pump. According to the flowerpot for flower planting, through the round box, the spray pipe and other parts, flowers can be watered when soil is dry, meanwhile, dust and other impurities on the leaf surfaces of the flowers can be washed away, the leaf surfaces are kept clean, insecticide can be added into the round box to be sprayed when the flowers encounter insect pests, manpower consumption is greatly reduced, and the flower planting efficiency is improved. And the use experience of the user is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of flower cultivation, and discloses an intelligent flowerpot system for promoting flower growth and flowering, comprising: a flowerpot assembly including an intelligent flowerpot and a temperature control assembly, the intelligent flowerpot being provided with an illumination period control assembly, a moisture control assembly and a nutrition control assembly; the server is connected with the flowerpot assembly, a database and an analysis model are arranged on the server, and the analysis model calculates the temperature condition, the illumination condition, the moisture condition and the nutrition condition required by growth and flowering triggering according to the database and the types of the planted flowers; and the control module is connected with the flowerpot assembly and the server, and accurately regulates and controls the real-time temperature, illumination, moisture and nutrition of flower planting in the intelligent flowerpot through the temperature control assembly, the illumination period control assembly, the moisture control assembly and the nutrition control assembly. According to the intelligent flowerpot, high-precision automatic regulation and control of vernalization, accumulated temperature, illumination, humidity and nutrition of flowers planted in the intelligent flowerpot can be achieved, and flowering is effectively promoted.

The present invention discloses a method and system for evaluating the lodging resistance of corn stalks during the flowering period, and the present invention relates to the technical field of evaluating the lodging resistance of corn stalks. The method comprises the following steps: collecting a number of corn flowering plants with known physiological characteristic parameters, performing infrared scanning on the surface of the stalks, obtaining infrared spectrum images, and establishing a sample data set with the physiological characteristic parameters; training a neural network model based on the sample data set, taking the infrared spectrum images as input and the physiological characteristic parameters as labels, and obtaining a prediction model for the physiological characteristic parameters of the plants; performing infrared scanning on the target plants, inputting the prediction model, and obtaining the predicted values ​​of the physiological characteristic parameters; calculating the stalk structure stability index in combination with the geometric structure parameters; calculating the environmental adaptability index according to the environmental parameters; generating the lodging resistance index by combining the two, and generating the lodging resistance evaluation result according to the lodging resistance index. The accuracy, comprehensiveness, precision and efficiency of the evaluation are significantly improved.

The invention relates to a plant genetic engineering technology, in particular to a method for producing insect pheromone precursor substances in soybeans. Specifically, transgenic soybeans for expressing exogenous calyx flower plant thiolipase and insect desaturase are obtained through a genetic engineering technology, the transgenic soybeans can synthesize insect pheromone precursor substance cis-11-hexadecenoic acid, and therefore the biological efficiency and feasibility of plant factory pheromone production are proved. Furthermore, as the soybean is used as an oil crop with high acre yield, the soybean naturally contains high-content palmitic acid (C16: 0), the acre yield of the insect pheromone precursor substance cis-11-hexadecenoic acid is predicted to be far higher than that of other plants, and the plant is an ideal biological factory for mass production of the insect pheromone precursor substance cis-11-hexadecenoic acid.

The invention discloses a simple factory building or storehouse or flower factory building for multi-storey product production in a greenhouse, and belongs to a simple factory building for industrial product production. Most existing workshops are built by combining bricks, tiles, concrete and reinforcing steel bars, the building cost is very high, some entrepreneurs are in capital shortage, and the workshops with very high cost cannot be built for producing products as much capital is absent. The invention relates to a multilayer building type simple factory building or storehouse or flower factory building for producing products in a greenhouse, which is characterized in that the problem that the multilayer building type simple factory building or storehouse or flower factory building for producing the products in the greenhouse can be built by a part of capital shortage entrepreneurs by using capital with very low manufacturing cost is solved; and the product is produced, developed and expanded. The invention has the advantages of scientific design, reasonable structure and energy conservation, and saves the startup cost and the occupied land area energy.

The utility model discloses a jasmine plant seedling raising device which comprises a bottom plate, supporting frames are fixedly connected to the two ends of the upper side of the bottom plate, a containing frame is fixedly connected between the supporting frames at the two ends, and a water leakage hopper is fixedly connected between the supporting frames at the two ends and located below the containing frame. A fixing frame is fixedly connected to the top end of the supporting frame at one end, a rotating shaft is rotatably connected to the interior of the fixing frame, a connecting rod is fixedly connected to the center of the rotating shaft, a water passing plate is fixedly connected to the end of the connecting rod, and a plurality of nozzles are evenly arranged on the side, close to the fixing frame, of the water passing plate; and the upper end of the bottom plate is fixedly connected with a water tank. According to the jasmine flower planting device, the placement frame, the water leakage hopper, the filter screen, the connecting pipe, the water tank, the water pump, the conveying pipe, the water passing plate, the spray head, the rotating shaft, the connecting rod, the worm gear, the side frame and the worm are arranged, water dripping from the bottom of the seedling growing basin is recycled, waste of water resources can be reduced, and meanwhile jasmine flower plants are prevented from being shielded from being illuminated.

The utility model discloses an intelligent monitoring tissue culture room for flower plants, which comprises a culture room box body, a seedling raising pipe, a seedling raising bed, a nutrient solution supplementing device, a circulating irrigation mechanism, a light supplementing lamp, a ventilation fan and a controller, the seedling raising pipe and the seedling raising bed are respectively arranged at the upper end and the lower end of the culture room box body, and the nutrient solution supplementing device is connected with the seedling raising pipe. The circulating irrigation mechanism is arranged on the seedling culture bed, the ventilation fan is arranged on the side wall of the culture room box body, and the light supplementing lamp is arranged at the top of the culture room box body. The seedling raising pipes and the seedling raising beds are respectively arranged at the upper end and the lower end of the culture room box body, so that flower specification culture areas can be reasonably distinguished, and the space utilization and culture efficiency is improved; meanwhile, the carbon dioxide sensor and the ventilation fan as well as the illumination intensity sensor and the light supplementing lamp are in linkage regulation and control, intelligent monitoring and automatic regulation and control of the culture environment can be realized, stable and controllable growth conditions are provided for flowers and plants, and thus the culture efficiency and the plant quality of the flowers and plants are improved.

The invention discloses an application of a related gene Zm00001eb129860 in the flowering period of corn in regulation and control of flowering transformation. According to the invention, a high-expression gene Zm00001eb129860 related to the flowering period of corn is screened from transcriptome data of inflorescence meristem in a key period of flowering transformation of corn, the gene affects the change process of the flowering transformation of corn, and a gene knockout mutant plant has a late flowering phenotype; when the gene is over-expressed in a corn plant, a transgenic plant with early flowering transformation can be obtained, so that the flowering period of the corn is shortened, genetic improvement and breeding of the plant are facilitated, and the gene has important significance for promoting early flowering of the corn. It is indicated that Zm00001eb129860 plays an important role in advancing corn flowering transformation, can be used for regulating and controlling the flowering period of plants through a transgenic technology, facilitates cultivation of early flowering plants and facilitates genetic improvement of the plants.

The embodiment of the present disclosure provides a landscaping flower transplanting device, which comprises a clamping arm for clamping a flower plant, wherein the clamping arm comprises a rotary joint, an inner surface of the clamping arm is provided with a flexible protective layer, and an elastic deformation sensing module is arranged in the protective layer; a support frame is rotationally connected with the clamping arm and is used for supporting the whole device; an electric adjusting rod is connected to one end of the rotary joint; a counterweight is fixed to a tail portion of the support frame through a bolt; a root fixing tray is connected below the clamping arm, and an upper surface of the root fixing tray is provided with an arc-shaped groove and is used for supporting a soil structure of a flower root; and an electric push rod is connected between the clamping arm and the electric push rod; wherein a counterweight cavity is arranged in the counterweight, and the counterweight cavity is filled with detachable metal blocks. Through the scheme of the embodiment of the present disclosure, flower root damage can be avoided.

The application discloses a kind of anti-reverse tolerance of poor root flower planting slow-release fertilizer and its preparation method, the slow-release fertilizer includes 30-45 parts of seaweed residue, humic acid 15-25 parts, diatomite 10-20 parts, oyster powder 5-15 parts, plant protein glue 3-8 parts, polyglutamic acid 1-3 parts, bacillus mucilaginosus powder 0.5-2 parts, brown algal oligosaccharide 0.1-0.5 parts, potassium silicate 2-5 parts, ammonium molybdate 0.05-0.15 parts, silicon phytic acid ester 0.5-2 parts, by introducing silicon phytic acid ester, fertilizer particles can be adjusted according to soil humidity release rate of nutrients, lock up nutrients in drought, accelerate release in wet; Absorption and fixation harmful metal ions in soil, reduce stress, and slowly hydrolyze in slow-release process, continuously provide beneficial substances, synergistically improve the fertilizer utilization rate of root flower in poor soil, resistance tolerance and sustained growth capacity.

The application discloses a smokeless incense containing fragrant flowers and a preparation method thereof, and the smokeless incense containing fragrant flowers is prepared from main materials and auxiliary materials, wherein the main materials include fragrant flower extracts, and the fragrant flowers are Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae plants; the fragrant flower extracts are prepared through the following steps: 1) drying Zingiberaceae flowers to constant weight to obtain dried Zingiberaceae flowers; and 2) grinding the dried Zingiberaceae flowers, sieving, adding a solvent to extract, and filtering, wherein the solvent is at least one of water or an easily-volatile organic alcohol, the solid-liquid ratio is 1:(5-20) during the extraction, and the extraction temperature is 25-50 DEG C. The smokeless incense containing fragrant flowers has the advantages of natural and coordinated smell, pleasant fragrance, environmental protection, no pollution, good safety, remarkable bacteriostatic and insect-repelling effects, and the effects of soothing nerves and helping sleep; the smokeless incense has the characteristics of fire resistance, strong toughness, good elasticity, solidity, durability, good smoothness, and the like, and the fragrant powder is not easy to fall off; and the smokeless incense has few components and is simple to prepare.

This invention provides a method for producing dried flowers that can maintain their shape, natural color, and texture, which are close to those of fresh flowers, for an extended period of time. [Solution] The present invention relates to a method for producing dried flowers, which includes the steps of immersing the roots of a flowering plant in a container filled with an aqueous polyethylene glycol solution and irradiating it with ultrasound to allow the aqueous polyethylene glycol solution to penetrate the flowering plant.

The invention discloses a lagerstroemia indica flowering phase regulation and control method and application thereof. The method comprises the steps that S1, lagerstroemia indica is subjected to daily management; s2, regulating and controlling the flowering period of the crape myrtle; s3, maintaining the lagerstroemia indica subjected to flowering phase regulation and control; wherein the step S2 comprises the following steps: S21, selecting a proper plant, and S22, performing inflorescence pruning or branch pruning treatment on the plant from mid-to-late May to late August according to a flowering phase regulation target. According to the method for regulating and controlling the flowering period of the lagerstroemia indica, the secondary flowering full-bloom period of the lagerstroemia indica is regulated and controlled to be in the middle and first ten days of September to October, the variety of woody flowering plants in major festival activities (such as national celebration) in the period is enriched, the use amount of grass flowers is reduced, the flower landscape effect is guaranteed, and meanwhile the maintenance cost is reduced. The lagerstroemia indica flowering phase regulation and control method provided by the invention is high in precision, high in practicability and convenient to popularize.

The invention belongs to the field of plant genetic engineering, and discloses application of phallus impudicus NCED3 protein in promoting plant flowering. The nucleotide sequence of the phallus impudicus NCED3 protein is as shown in SEQ ID NO.1, and the amino acid sequence of the phallus impudicus NCED3 protein is as shown in SEQ ID NO.2. After the gene is over-expressed in arabidopsis thaliana, the plant flowering phase of transgenic arabidopsis thaliana can be advanced, and the flowering phase of arabidopsis thaliana is influenced. Through systematic research, the biological function of the phallus impudicus NCED3 protein in promoting plant flowering is provided, an important theoretical basis can be provided for regulation and control research on the flowering phase of phallus impudicus, and the phallus impudicus NCED3 protein can be used as an excellent gene resource to be applied to flowering phase breeding of other flower plants.

1. The name of the design product: flower box. 2. The use of the design product: for planting flower plants, decoration. 3. The design points of the design product: in shape. 4. The picture or photo that best indicates the design points: front view.

The utility model provides illumination complementing equipment, which relates to the field of flower planting and comprises a bottom plate and a planting pot, and the planting pot is mounted at the top of the bottom plate through a clamping mechanism. The light supplementing mechanism comprises a plurality of supporting plates, a plurality of rotating assemblies and a plurality of illumination assemblies, one ends of the multiple supporting plates are evenly distributed and installed on the side wall of the bottom plate through the multiple rotating assemblies, and the multiple illumination assemblies are installed on the side walls of the multiple supporting plates correspondingly; by arranging the light supplementing mechanism, illumination light supplementing can be conveniently conducted on stems and leaves at the bottoms of different flower plants according to use requirements, so that the purposes of effectively improving the illumination condition and facilitating normal growth of the flower plants are achieved, and by arranging the clamping mechanism, planting pots of different sizes can be conveniently clamped and fixed according to the use requirements; therefore, the purpose of further conveniently supplementing light for flower plants in different planting pots is achieved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of molecular marker-assisted breeding, and particularly relates to an Indel molecular marker closely linked with a hedychium coronarium mottle color, and a primer and application thereof. The Indel molecular marker is developed mainly through a BSA-seq technology, and it is found that deletion of seven basic groups exists at the 49592150 bp position on the hedychium coronarium chromosome 4. Based on upstream and downstream sequences of the site, a corresponding primer pair is developed, and the primer pair can be used for identifying hedychium coronarium plants with dark mottles and light mottles. Specific bands can be obtained through PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification, and the sizes of the specific bands are 221 bp and 228 bp respectively; in the hedychium coronarium plants with light-color mottled spots, only 228 bp bands can be obtained through amplification. The Indel molecular marker developed by the invention can assist in identifying the shade of the piebald color of the hedychium coronarium petals, and has a wide application prospect in the aspects of early selection and genetic improvement of the hedychium coronarium flower color.

The utility model discloses a flower planting culture device, which comprises a support main rod, a support branch rod, a fixed rod, a flowerpot base, a support base, a speed reducer and a motor, the fixed rod is uniformly and fixedly connected with two first damping arc rods, and the fixed rod is uniformly and fixedly connected with two second damping arc rods; a first gear is fixedly installed at the output end of the speed reducer, a second gear is rotationally connected to the top end of the supporting base through a rotating shaft, a drainage pipe is fixedly connected to the outer side of the supporting base, and one end of the supporting rod is fixedly connected to the supporting main rod. The speed reducer is driven by the motor, so that a flower pot can slowly revolve and rotate around the supporting main rod, and branches and leaves of the flower plant in each direction can be uniformly irradiated by sunlight, so that efficient photosynthesis is carried out, the plant can grow more healthily, and the growth efficiency of the plant is improved.

1. The name of this design product: Planting box (fish-plant symbiosis). 2. Purpose of the product of this design: a planting box for growing vegetables and flowers. 3. The design highlights of this design product are: the fish scale shape in the main view. 4. The picture or photo that best illustrates the key points of the design: main view.

A fermented material included stalk particles of monocotyledonous flowering plants which can constitute a sustainable, ecofriendly & bio-sourced material. More particularly, the fermented material includes stalk particles of monocotyledonous flowering plants and at least one filler (clay), wherein: (a) the particles have a size given by their greatest dimension Dg, in mm such as: Dg≤30; (b) the specific density Ds of the material, in g dry matter per liter such as 100≤Ds≤250; (c) the specific water content Cw of the material is, in % by mass such as 55≤Cw≤95; and the carbon / nitrogen ratio C / N of the material is such as 60≤C / N. A method is provided for the production of this fermented material.

The utility model relates to the technical field of flower plant seedling culture, in particular to a seedling culture planting frame which comprises a base, two supporting frames are arranged at the top of the base, a plurality of cultivation plates are placed between the two supporting frames, planting grooves are formed in the middles of the tops of the cultivation plates, and locking mechanisms are arranged on the two sides of the cultivation plates. The locking mechanism enables the cultivation plate to be fixed between the two supporting frames; the locking mechanism comprises a first groove formed in the supporting frame, two fixing blocks are clamped in the first groove, two clamping blocks are slidably arranged in the first groove, elastic pieces are installed on one sides of the two fixing blocks, and the other ends of the two elastic pieces are installed at one ends of the clamping blocks. And one ends of the clamping blocks in the first grooves are extruded on the inner walls of the two supporting frames, and adjusting mechanisms are arranged between the multiple clamping blocks and the cultivation plate. According to the device, the plurality of cultivation plates can be fixed on the two supporting frames through the locking mechanisms, so that the difficulty in disassembly and assembly of the plurality of cultivation plates is reduced.