The invention discloses an automatic high-precision indoor rapid positioning method. A positioning system comprises a hardware system and a software system, the hardware system comprises a color image acquisition apparatus, a laser speckle projection apparatus, a laser speckle image acquisition apparatus, a holder control apparatus, a communication apparatus, and a central control apparatus, and the software system comprises a laser speckle projection system, a color image and laser speckle image acquisition system, an image processing system, an image matching system, a mode recognition system, a holder control system, a central control system, and a path planning and control system. According to the scheme of the method, software and hardware are combined, an indoor positioning device accomplishes intelligence and systematization of the whole process of personal/household service robot characteristic information acquisition and input, indoor object image acquisition and matching recognition, indoor object positioning, path planning, and robot motion control, and methods of indoor positioning and path planning and control are more accurate and efficient.