The invention discloses an outdoor box-type transformer substation protection system. The protection system consists of a terminal protection system and a remote monitoring system, wherein the terminal protection system consists of a camera, a temperature sensor, a moisture sensor, a voltage-current measuring module, a GPS (Global Positioning System) positioning module, a GPS satellite clock system, an infrared sensor, an alarm module, a driving module, a wireless transmission module, a data processing module and a data storage module, wherein the remote monitoring system consists of a data processing module, a GPS satellite clock time synchronizing module, a data storage module, a driving module, a wireless data transmission module, an I/O (Input/Output) module, an alarm module, a display and a keyboard. According to the outdoor box-type transformer protection system, data acquisition can be performed on an outdoor box-type transformer substation under the working condition of an all-interval power supply system, meanwhile data of external force damage, injury and burglary behaviors can be acquired, accurate failure positioning and timing functions are enhanced, and an accurate criminal case solving basis is laid, so that the stability and safety of a power supply network are enhanced effectively, and the failure clearing efficiency is increased.