61results about How to "Improve first-time yield" patented technology

The invention discloses a method for achieving template unmanned construction. According to the method, data information and a control program are generated through digital processing of a template construction drawing by a control system; data information is written into cloud intelligent labels on a template and a template supporting piece; a robot / mechanical arm conducts separation on the template and the template supporting piece and loads the template and the template supporting piece to a carrying device; information identification authentication is conducted on the loaded template and template supporting piece, and then the loaded template and template supporting piece are transported to a construction site through the carrying device by means of the robot / mechanical arm; information identification authentication is conducted on the template and the template supporting piece after the template and the template supporting piece reach the construction site, and corresponding construction program commands are generated; the robot / mechanical arm finishes construction according to the construction program commands; the robot / mechanical arm conducts detaching and recycling works on the template and the template supporting piece according to the control commands. The method is free of restriction of environment elements, safer and more reliable, higher in construction accuracy and better in construction quality, and unmanned operation and remote intelligent management of template construction are achieved.

The invention provides a method for preparing Buzhong Yiqi pill, comprising the steps as follows: the eight Chinese medical materials of broil radix astragali, radix codonopsitis, baked liquoric root, largehead atractylodesrhizome (fried), angelica, largetrifoliolious bugbane rhizome, bupleurum and tangerine peel are milled into fine powders respectively and then mixed evenly; an adhesive agent is added into the mixture to prepare gains; the grains are pressed into pills; and the adhesive agent is the boiling liquid of ginger and fructus zizyphi. The preparation method has the advantages of adopting a method of pressing preparation, simple technique, and easy operation. The product prepared with the method has stable quality, and the dissolving time of the product is shortened by over 70 to 95 percent when compared with the original Buzhong Yiqi pill, with quicker medicine absorption and higher content of astragaloside IV. The invention solves the problem of uneven size of bills preparing with the water pill method. Therefore, the dosage of the medicine can be more accurate, while the rate of finished products at one time can be increased.

The invention provides a preparation method of stomachic pill with cyperus and amomum, including following steps: banksian rose, amomum fruit, astraolylis lancea formalyrata, dried old orange peel, tuckahoe, pinellia(processed), autgrass galingale rhizome(processed with vinegar), fruit of immature citron(sauted), round cardamom(decladded), bark of official magnolia( baked with ginger),patchouli and liquorice are respectively pulverized and mixed at first, then through the steps such as adding adhesive, granulating, drying, finishing granule, pelleting and lagging cover orderly, the product can be obtained; the adhesive is decoction solution of ginger and jujube. The preparation method has the advantages of simple technology and convenient operation, moreover, the finished product has steady quality, and compared with the former stomachic pill with cyperus and amomum, the stomachic pill with cyperus and amomum can shorten dissolving time by over 70 to 90 percent, thereby the medicine can be absorbed faster, and the contents of magnolol and honokiol are higher, thus solving the problem of nonuniform size of the pellet prepared by the water-pill method, and the dosage of the medicine can be more exact; at the same time, the invention also increases rate of finished products at one time.

The invention discloses a ferromolybdenum smelting batching system. The ferromolybdenum smelting batching system comprises a first charging unit comprising a first charging hopper, a first screw conveyor and a first bucket elevator, a first conveyor provided with a material inlet, a steel scrap outlet, an iron phosphate outlet and a lime outlet, a second charging unit comprising a second charginghopper, a second screw conveyor and a second bucket elevator, a second conveyor provided with a material inlet, an aluminum powder outlet, a ferrosilicon powder outlet and a molybdenum concentrate outlet; a material bin comprising a lime bin, an iron phosphate bin, a steel scrap bin, an aluminum powder bin, a ferrosilicon powder bin and a molybdenum concentrate bin, a belt conveyor connected withthe lime bin, the iron phosphate bin, the steel scrap bin, the aluminum powder bin, the ferrosilicon powder bin and the molybdenum concentrate bin, a buffering and metering bin connected with the beltconveyor, a mixer connected with the buffering and metering bin, a smelting furnace connected with the mixer, and a control unit connected with the first conveyor, the second conveyor, the material bin and the buffering and metering bin.

The invention provides a method for preparing a digestion-promoting pill, including the following steps: crushing betelnut, fried morning glory seed, dried orange peel, costus root, officinal magnolia bark( processed with ginger), common burreed tuber ( processed with vinegar) and chinese honeylocust abnormal fruit respectively; mixing the powders; producing the mixed powder into grains and pressing the grains. By adopting pressing, the invention is simple in process and convenient in operation. The finished product is stable in quality, and the time of dissolvement is shortened by over 70 to 95 percent compared with the original digestion-promoting pills, so that the absorption of the medicine is quicker and the content of the magnolol is higher, thus solving the disadvantage that the pills made by water pill method are not even in size. The dose of the medicine is more accurate; meanwhile, the one-time finish rate is improved.

The invention relates to a production process of a direct type backlight LED lamp strip. The production process comprises the process steps of automatic plate mounting, printing, piece pasting, on-line code-spurting, pre-furnace inspection, high-temperature reflow soldering, post-reflow inspection, adhesive dispensing, LENS sticking, low-temperature curing, pressure testing, light testing, opticaltesting, board separation and packaging. Common inspection conveyors and cooling inspection conveyors are arranged between all the process steps to replace a previous production mode which needs three small production lines, a complete production line is combined to achieve efficient and stable production of the direct type LED backlight lamp strip, and the production efficiency is improved greatly; and in addition, the process production line is further provided with a plurality of testing platforms for testing LEDs, the first yield of production is improved greatly, feeding is achieved at the front end, a finished product lamp strip with stable quality can be directly and efficiently produced at the rear end, the turnover time for up and down the line of the product is reduced, the labor cost is saved, material is prevented from being mixed, and the working efficiency is improved.

The invention discloses a system and a method of a numerical control machine tool. The system comprises a machining program system, a servo driving system, a machine tool main body, an intelligent assistant system and a numerical control device for controlling the machining program system, the servo driving system, the machine tool main body and the intelligent assistant system. Through setting of the intelligent assistant system, the machining precision of the existing numerical control lathe can be greatly improved, and the labor intensity of an operator is reduced. The system and the method have the advantages that the one-time finished product rate of machining parts is high, the overall machining efficiency is greatly improved, and the labor cost is properly reduced; based on security considerations, a certificate seriously-open operation mode is uniquely designed, the overall security factor of the numerical control lathe is greatly improved, and maloperation by an non operator or unexpected loss brought by subjective destruction of human factors can be avoided.

The invention relates to an automatic receiving control device for elemene industrial production. The device comprises a heating device, a raw material kettle, a fractionation device, a condensation device, a near infrared probe, a receiving device, a near infrared spectrograph, an on-line detection and analysis system, a control center and an automatic control valve. The near infrared probe, the fractionation device and the on-line analysis system are skillfully combined for use, captured key fractional information is compared with a database model for analysis, the fractionation receiving device is controlled, and automatic control over elemene industrial production is achieved. The automatic receiving control device greatly improves the one-time finished product ratio, improves the elemene yield and purity, saves labor and is suitable for industrial production.

The invention relates to a finned heat exchange pipe formed through die pressing and vacuum brazing. The finned heat exchange pipe is composed of base pipe fins A, base pipe fins B, heat exchange pipe runners, an inlet connecting pipe opening, an outlet connecting pipe opening and strengthening holes. The base pipe fins A and the base pipe fins B are base pipe fins the same in shape and are of a semi-range structure forming the integrated finned heat exchange pipe. The S-shaped continuous and smooth semi-range structure heat exchange pipe runners are designed inside the base pipe fins A and the base pipe fins B. Fins on the expanding surfaces of the heat exchange pipe runners are designed outside the areas of the heat exchange pipe runners. The base pipe fins A and the base pipe fins B are symmetrically distributed and are formed into the integrated finned heat exchange pipe through die pressing and vacuum brazing. The S-shaped continuous and smooth heat exchange pipe runners are combined in the integrated finned heat exchange pipe. The finned heat exchange pipe has the beneficial effects of being high in heat exchange efficiency, good in forming quality, reasonable in cost and easy to produce and has high implementation value.

The invention provides a preparation method of qi-regulating pill of aucklandia, including following steps: banksian rose, amomum fruit, nutgrass galingale rhizome(processed with vinegar), betelnut, liquorice, dried old orange peel, bark of official magnolia(processed), fructus aurantii immaturus(sauted), atractylis ovata(sauted) and citrus tangerina hortorum et tanaka(sauted) are respectively pulverized at first, then through the steps such as adding adhesive, granulating, drying, finishing granule and pelleting, the invention can be obtained; and the adhesive is a ginger decoction solution. The preparation method has the advantages of simple technology and convenient operation; moreover, the finished product has steady quality, and the medicine is absorbed faster, thereby solving the problem that the pellet made by the water pill method has nonuniform size, so the dosage of the medicine can be more exact; at the same time, the invention can also increase the rate of finished products at one time. Compared with the original stomachic pill with cyperus and amomum, the qi-regulating pill of aucklandia made by the invention can shorten dissolving time by over 70 to 90 percent, thereby greatly increasing the curative effect of the product.

The invention discloses an automatic melting speed control system of a vacuum arc remelting furnace. The automatic melting speed control system comprises a controller, a melting speed measuring system, a power detection unit, an electrode lifting control unit, an arc current regulation unit, an HMI (human machine interface) and an alarm unit connected with the controller, and the HMI is connected with the controller and used for inputting a melting speed curve and current and voltage parameters. The automatic melting speed control system is simple in structure, convenient to install and lay and low in input cost, the melting speed is directly taken as a fixed variable to participate in control of the system, conditions are created for smooth regulation of the system, the electrode melting rate can be controlled accurately in operation, internal segregation of ingots is reduced, first pass yield is increased, and energy consumption is lowered.

The invention relates to a system for eliminating a fiber-optic gyroscope dead zone, and the system is characterized in that one output of a signal detection circuit is connected with a Y waveguide, and the other output of the signal detection circuit is used as a gyroscope output signal; the signal detection circuit comprises a pre-amplifier, an A / D circuit, an FPGA, a D / A circuit and a post-amplifier; the output of the post-amplifier is transmitted to the pre-amplifier and the Y waveguide; the FPGA outputs a gyroscope output signal and outputs a feedback signal to the D / A circuit; in the closed-loop process of the FPGA, a compensation phase shift is added, and the introduced compensation phase shift needs to be greater than a peak-to-peak value of the equivalent phase shift caused by crosstalk, and the compensation phase shift does not bring additional output to the gyroscope. The problem of the one-time yield of the fiber-optic gyroscope caused by the dead zone of a signal detectioncircuit board is solved.

The invention relates to a fractionation device, method and system for preparing high-purity fractions by monitoring temperature, and belongs to the technical field of chemical synthesis equipment and a synthesis method. The fractionation device comprises a fractionation column, fillings and temperature sensing control equipment, wherein the fillings are filled in the fractionation column; the temperature sensing control equipment comprises a resistance wire wound on the outer wall of the fractionation column and a data wire connected with the resistance wire; the data wire is connected onto a temperature control instrument; the temperature control instrument is connected with a temperature sensor; the temperature sensor is in contact with the outer wall of the fractionation column. The device, the method and the system have the beneficial effects that the temperature real-time control in the production process is realized; the primary finished product ratio of elemene is improved; the product quality of the elemene is stable; the elemene purity is improved.

The invention relates to a method for detecting preheating temperature during a welding process, the method is characterized in that a thermal imager with wireless WiFi is used for collecting data of an on-site welding processing workpiece temperature field and thermal images, a wireless infrared thermometer based on IEEE802.15.4 is used for collecting the temperature data, two groups of data can be respectively uploaded to a wireless WiFi gateway and a wireless gateway based on IEEE802.15.4 through a wireless mode, then the gateway and a computer enable wire communication, the analysis of the thermal images and the temperature data by analysis software on the computer is capable of determining the preheating temperature of the welding processing workpiece and the distribution condition of the temperature field, a curve image of the workpiece surface temperature field is drawn, and the alarm and data storage are carried out for overtemperature. The method of the invention has the advantages of no wire arrangement, flexible installation and disposition, and small investment. The method of the invention is completely suitable for a nondeterminacy characteristic of a workpiece position during the welding process, and can increase the primary yield of the welding workpiece in a manufacturing enterprise, possesses large significance for energy saving and consumption reduction, and has large economic value and environmental protection value.

The invention discloses a method for directly producing potassium nitrate. The method comprises the following steps: (1) adding potassium chloride and nitric acid into water, stirring for reaction, carrying out cooling and crystallization, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain a potassium nitrate product I and a mother liquid I; (2) conducting further cooling and crystallization on the mother liquid I, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain a crude potassium nitrate product and a mother liquid II; (3) re-dissolving the crude potassium nitrate product in water, and carrying out re-crystallization and solid-liquid separation to obtain a potassium nitrate product II; (4) allowing the mother liquid II and water to flow through a diffusion dialyzer at the same time, so as to obtain a hydrochloric acid solution containing a little nitric acid and a recovery liquid containing potassium ions; replacing the water in step (1) with the recovery liquid for the next round of potassium nitrate preparation, so as to recycle the recovery liquid. The method is low in production cost; the potassium chloride conversion ratio and the one-time finished product ratio are high, and a potassium nitrate product with high purity and stable quality can be obtained; not only are acids recovered, but also potassium is recycled, so that the potassium loss is reduced, and the comprehensive utilization ratio of resources is increased.

The invention relates to the technical field of die pressing system structures, in particular to a die pressing system for pressing rare earth materials. The die pressing system comprises an upper die, a lower die and an oil supply system, an oil outlet of an oil pump is communicated with an upper die upper cylinder through an upper die reversing valve, an upper die lower cylinder is communicated with an oil tank through the upper die reversing valve, the upper die lower cylinder is communicated with the upper die upper cylinder through a rapid valve, the upper die upper cylinder is communicated with the oil tank through a pressure retaining valve A, the oil outlet of the oil pump is communicated with a lower die upper cylinder through a lower die reversing valve, a lower die lower cylinder is communicated with the oil tank through the lower die reversing valve, the oil outlet of the oil pump is communicated with the lower die lower cylinder through a pressure retaining valve B, and the lower die upper cylinder is communicated with the upper die lower cylinder through a pressure retaining valve D. According to the die pressing system for pressing the rare earth materials, the rare earth materials are subjected to die pressing through the upper die and the lower die, demolding is performed after retaining and progressively reducing of pressure, the phenomenon that the rare earth materials are cracked due to suddenly reduced pressure can be prevented after forming, the one-time finished product rate of products is greatly improved, and production costs are saved.

The invention relates to the technical field of ceramic filters, and discloses a drip irrigation spraying production line, which is used for producing ceramic filters. The drip irrigation spraying production line comprises a conveying belt used for conveying a workpiece, a feeding device, a first spraying device used for spraying a hole groove in one face of the workpiece, a second spraying device used for spraying a hole groove in the other face of the workpiece, a third spraying device used for spraying the surface of the workpiece, a first drying device used for drying the surface of the workpiece, and a blanking device, which are sequentially connected through the conveying belts. The drip irrigation spraying production line of the ceramic filter is high in automation degree, high in production efficiency and high in one-time yield, and the productivity of the ceramic filter is improved.

The invention relates to safe and environment-friendly type high-texture paint with bright pearl effect as well as a preparation method and an application of the paint. The paint comprises a first coating and a second coating, wherein the first coating comprises a first component, a second component and a third component; the first component is prepared from a solvent A, resin A, resin B, resin C, a dispersing agent, an anti-settling agent, a directional agent, a wear-resisting agent, an ultraviolet absorber, a leveling agent and a drier; the second component is bright pearl powder; the third component is prepared from a curing agent and a solvent B; the second coating comprises the first component and the third component, and the weight ratio of the first component to the third component in the second coating is equal to the weight ratio of the first component to the third component in the first coating; during construction, all that is required is to perform construction on the first coating and the second coating with a 2C1B method. Compared with the prior art, the paint has the advantages of being attractive, durable and simple to operate, facilitating construction, and the like.

The invention discloses a circuit board impedance consistency control technology manufacturing method, and belongs to the technical field of circuit board design and manufacturing. The method comprises the steps of S1 carrying out the pre-manufacturing of an internal impedance board; S2 slicing the internal impedance plate sample plate; S3 summarizing the sample data of the slice samples to obtain slice data; S4 extracting impedance lines in a graph by using the dielectric constant DK value; S5 transferring to impedance strips according to the distribution density of the impedance lines in the graph; S6 keeping the distribution density of the impedance lines of the impedance strips and the impedance lines in the graph synchronous; S7 manufacturing the impedance of a circuit board by adopting the steps; S8 measuring the impedance of the designed circuit board; and S9 designing and manufacturing the impedance consistency of the circuit board. The traditional production design thought is transformed, the impedance line distribution in the board is taken as reference, the impedance strips are synchronously and densely designed when the distribution is dense, and the impedance strips are open when the impedance lines in the board are open, so that the design specification of consistency between the impedance lines in the board and the impedance strips is realized.

The invention particularly relates to a connecting handle water jet cutting manufacturing method which comprises a water jet cutting pretreatment process, a water jet cutting process, a water jet cutting aftertreatment process and a connecting handle water jet cutting quality process control method. According to the water jet cutting process, a connecting handle water jet cutting clamp is used for clamping a to-be-cut workpiece; garnet is adopted as a water jet cutting abrasive; and cutting precision is controlled. According to the connecting handle water jet cutting manufacturing method, it can be guaranteed that after water jet cutting of a connecting handle is completed, the size precision and the surface quality of a product meet subsequent welding requirements.

The invention discloses tin ball production method and equipment for semiconductor packaging. The method includes feeding tin material into a melting furnace to melt and keeping the temperature of tin liquid at 250-450 DEG C; allowing melted tin liquid to flow into a preheated (preheating temperature and the tin temperature are identical) hemispherical turnplate at rotating speed of 500-3000 rev / min continuously and evenly through a guide pipe; emitting tin balls of uniform sizes from a nozzle of the turnplate to fall into a container carrying cooling liquid to cool and shape; and then washing, performing anti-oxidation treatment, screening, detecting and packaging to obtain products. The tin ball production equipment comprises three parts of the melting furnace, a pipeline and an emitting and shaping device. The manner of continuous feeding is adopted, production rate of the tin balls is increased greatly, and production quantity can be controlled flexibly; produced tin balls are uniform in particle size and high in roundness; and the equipment is simple, operation is facilitated, and production cost is low.

The invention discloses a retaining wall construction method and a retaining wall constructed through the same, and relates to the technical field of building construction. The retaining wall construction method and the retaining wall aim at solving the technical problems that an existing retaining wall is poor in internal structure quality, rough and uneven in exterior and poor in attractiveness. By means of the retaining wall construction method, attractiveness of the whole surface of the retaining wall can be effectively ensured, the one-time finished product rate is high, and the project quality is improved; due to the adoption of the shoving method, the repetitive actions of multiple times of mortar spreading can be reduced, and the construction efficiency can be improved; and meanwhile, the construction quality can be ensured, and the upstream face and the outer vertical face of the constructed retaining wall can be high in smoothness and firm and durable in structure. The method is simple in step and suitable for application and popularization. The invention further provides the retaining wall constructed through the retaining wall construction method, the retaining wall has a strong and firm internal structure and also has smooth and attractive appearance, the interior of the retaining wall is firm, the exterior of the retaining wall is attractive, the project effect can be effectively ensured, and the long-acting slope and edge protection effect is brought into play.

The invention particularly relates to a water jet cutting manufacturing method for a chip prevention plate which comprises a water jet cutting pretreatment process, a water jet cutting process, a water jet cutting aftertreatment process and a water jet cutting quality process control method; in the water jet cutting process, a chip prevention plate water jet cutting clamp is used for clamping a to-be-cut workpiece; garnet is adopted as a water jet cutting abrasive material; and the cutting precision is controlled. According to the water jet cutting manufacturing method for the chip prevention plate, it can be guaranteed that after water jet cutting of the chip prevention plate is completed, the product size precision and surface quality meet product manufacturing requirements.

The invention discloses a production process and production equipment of a refrigerator door frame handle. The production process comprises the following three steps of preparing a refrigerator door frame handle blank; finish machining the refrigerator door frame handle blank surface and maintaining the refrigerator door frame handle blank surface. The production equipment comprises a bottom plate, an inverted-U-shaped support, a grinding wheel driving stepping motor, a connecting shaft driving stepping motor, a connecting shaft, a grinding wheel and a controller are arranged on the bottom plate. The production process is simple and convenient to operate, the appearance effect of the refrigerator door frame handle produced by the process is better and fine, the one-time yield during the production of the handle is improved, and the rejection rate of the product is reduced; the production equipment is simple in structure and convenient for industrial application implementation of the process.

The invention relates to a fractionation device, method and system for preparing high-purity fractions by monitoring temperature, and belongs to the technical field of chemical synthesis equipment and a synthesis method. The fractionation device comprises a fractionation column, fillings and temperature sensing control equipment, wherein the fillings are filled in the fractionation column; the temperature sensing control equipment comprises a resistance wire wound on the outer wall of the fractionation column and a data wire connected with the resistance wire; the data wire is connected onto a temperature control instrument; the temperature control instrument is connected with a temperature sensor; the temperature sensor is in contact with the outer wall of the fractionation column. The device, the method and the system have the beneficial effects that the temperature real-time control in the production process is realized; the primary finished product ratio of elemene is improved; the product quality of the elemene is stable; the elemene purity is improved.

The invention relates to an automobile wheel with inserts and an installation method of the inserts. The automobile wheel comprises a disc face, a center hole, bolt installation holes and spokes. The center hole is formed in the middle of the disc face, the bolt installation holes are evenly formed in the central disc face on the periphery of the center hole in the radial direction, and the center hole is used for containing an automobile axle coaxially. A plurality of spoke through holes are evenly formed in the portion, on the peripheries of the bolt installation holes, of the disc face at intervals, and a connecting structure between every two adjacent spoke through holes is a spoke. A rim is manufactured outside the disc face in the axial direction. A structural groove is formed in the portion, on the periphery of each spoke through hole, of the disc face. One insert used for wrapping the edge of the inner ring of each spoke through hole is installed in the structural groove of the corresponding spoke through hole. A plurality of installation holes are evenly formed in the lower ends of the inserts. The modeling of the inserts of the structure are consistent with the modeling of a window, the surfaces of the inserts are smooth and bright, the appearance can be more attractive, in addition, the inserts can improve the strength of the window, a window coating is protected, the wheel is protected, the spokes are prevented from being damaged, the overall performance of the wheel is improved, and the service life of the wheel is prolonged.

The invention provides an electron beam welding method for a nuclear fuel lower tube base adopting a local 3D printing structure, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: S1, welding a process control sample; s2, the welding part is clamped and rigidly limited; s3, testing the pressure rise rate of a welding vacuum chamber, and vacuumizing a gun chamber of the welding chamber; s4, calibrating a focus and a track of the electron beam; s5, vacuum electron beam spot welding is conducted on a welding seam of the lower pipe base; s6, vacuum electron beam welding is conducted on a welding seam of the lower pipe base; and S7, rigid limiting of the lower pipe base is relieved. According to the electron beam welding method for the nuclear fuel lower tube base adopting the local 3D printing structure, welding deformation can be effectively controlled, and the welding quality is improved.

The invention belongs to the technical fields of natural medicine separation and rectification, and discloses a monitoring method for a liquid holdup in the process of preparing high-purity elemene. Under a certain heating temperature and vacuum degree of a tower kettle, more gas-liquid conversion times in a rectification column, less gas that rises to a condenser part per unit time, an amount ofliquid condensed by the condenser, that is, the liquid holdup is monitored, so that the fractional distillation effect in the rectification column can be judged. The method provided by the invention can obtain a liquid holdup range of the stably-produced high-quality product, determine the control range of liquid holdup, monitor the liquid holdup in the production process, and timely adjust the liquid holdup to achieve the purpose of stably producing the high-quality product.

The invention relates to a welding preheating temperature intelligent measurement and control system. A sensor module acquires temperature data in a certain area nearby a preheating point under the control of a main control and display module, and transmits the acquired temperature data signals to the main control and display module; the main control and display module calculates thermal imaging pictures in a generation area of the acquired temperature data and performs temperature field calculation on the thermal imaging pictures; after automatic judgment of a heating source, welding seam temperature and preheating temperature data, the main control and display module outputs a control signal to a relay module; a valve of an external heating source is controlled by virtue of the relay module to ensure that the preheating temperature is stabilized in a certain set temperature range; the main control and display module outputs a control signal to a driving module and a laser by virtue of a remote controller; the driving module drives a stepping motor to drive a movable bracket to move freely; and the movable bracket is positioned nearby the welding preheating point by virtue of the laser. The system can automatically identify a real preheating temperature so as to improve the welding quality, and has important significance for energy conservation and emission reduction.