55results about How to "Reach high temperature" patented technology

The invention relates to an anti-oil and fire-retardant chlorinated polyethylene sheath material with good weather resistance and a preparation method thereof. The sheath material uses chlorinated polyethylene rubber as main raw material and adds chlorosulfonated polyethylene rubber, triallyl isocyanurate, 1,3-bis (tert-butyl peroxide isopropyl) benzene, trioctyl trimellitate, carbon black, antioxidant 1010, ultra-fine talc powder, antimony trioxide, and high-activity magnesium oxide R-150 according to ratios; the preparation method is as follows: at first, mixing part of the auxiliary agents, then mediating, internal mixing, open mixing, granulating and extruding are carried out on the mixture to form cables, thus the cables are obtained. In the formula, high temperature resistant plasticizer is utilized, various auxiliary agents with appropriate proportions are added into the formula, so that chlorinated polyethylene rubber cable material can reach a high temperature of 105 DEG C, and can be used at the lowest temperature of minus 50 DEG C. The sheath material has the advantages of good anti-aging property, excellent electrical insulation and mechanical property, environmental protection and high flame resistance, thereby being suitable for cold and oil-contaminated severe environment and transmission and distribution circuits of which the current-carrying capacities are large and the rated voltages are at or below 450 / 750V. Meanwhile, compared with traditional chloroprene rubber cable material, the sheath material has the characteristics of low cost, fast extruding speed and high output benefit.

The invention belongs to the field of processing woods, and particularly relates to a method for manufacturing a bamboo strengthened poplar laminated veneer lumber. The manufacturing method comprises the following steps of: cutting the poplar veneer, scarfing the veneer, dipping the scarfed veneer, dipping a bamboo layer, drying, hot pressing, decorating a laminated timber and the like. The method is reasonable in design and simple in technology; the poplar with small diameter class is used as raw material for producing the laminated veneer lumber; the bamboo material with the same direction with fiber and high strength is introduced; the surface veneer is subjected to aqueous SiO2 (silicon dioxide) sol impregnation strengthened treatment, so that the shortcomings of the quality and the processing of the poplar are conquered, the existing resource is effectively used; the small woods and inferior woods can be better used; the outturn percentage is high; and the economic effect is obvious. The obtained laminated timber is high in strength, excellent in stability, free of cracking and deforming, high-temperature resistant and excellent in flame retardation. The obtained laminated timber can be used for indoor floorboard and decorating and refurbishing materials; the formaldehyde emission is far less than the home and aboard emission standard; and environment-friendly requirements can be achieved.

The invention discloses a synthesis method of waterborne polyurethane for microfiber impregnation, which comprises the following steps: 1) carrying out vacuum drying on alkali-resistant dihydric alcohol for 2-4 hours until the water content is lower than 0.05%; 2) uniformly mixing the alkali-resistant polyol with aliphatic isocyanate, heating to 60-90 DEG C, and reacting for 1-2 hours; then addinga hydrophilic chain extender and a chain extender, uniformly mixing, reacting for 2-4 hours at the temperature of 60-90 DEG C, then adding an antioxidant and an ultraviolet light absorber, and uniformly stirring to obtain a waterborne polyurethane prepolymer; 3) neutralizing the waterborne polyurethane prepolymer with a neutralizer, and then adding deionized water for high-speed dispersion and emulsification to obtain an emulsion; and 4) carrying out a chain extension reaction on the emulsion and a post-chain extender again to obtain the waterborne polyurethane for microfiber impregnation. According to the synthesis method, the polyurethane resin is modified to achieve high-temperature resistance and ultraviolet resistance, and the waterborne microfiber with excellent performance in all aspects can be obtained when the polyurethane resin is used in microfiber.

The invention provides a cooler which is mainly provided with a frame; a water tank is arranged at the bottom of the frame to contain cooling water, a water pump is arranged inside the water tank and a water pipe is connected with the water pump, a spray pipe is arranged at the tail section of the water pipe; an air-cooling radiating device is arranged inside the frame and provided with a radiating fin; a fan is arranged outside the frame; an air inlet is arranged at the side of the frame; the upper bending section of the cooling pipe passes through the radiating fin of the air-cooling radiating device, the two ends of the cooling pipe are used as upper opening and lower opening respectively, the lower bending section of the cooling pipe that is near to the lower opening is positioned above the water tank; a water-stopping device is adjacently connected with the side surface of the air-cooling radiating device, the water-stopping device is provided with a plurality of inclined boards, and the space between the boards forms an air passage; the water-cooling radiating device is connected and arranged at the other side of the water-stopping device and positioned under the spray pipe, the water-cooling radiating device is provided with radiating material and a water-dropping tray, and the water-dropping tray is provided with a plurality of holes. Therefore, the two-stage cooling technology of air-cooling and water-cooling is provided to achieve the purpose of entering at high temperature and exiting at low temperature, and good quick-cooling effect can be obtained.

The invention provides a long-service-life reference electrode applicable to the high-temperature and high-voltage corrosive environment. A core of the electrode is formed by hot pressed sintering, a shell of the electrode is composed of an upper end body, a middle end body and a lower end body, the middle end body is connected with the lower end body into a whole, an upper end cover is connected with the upper end body through threads, an isolation external member composed of a first fluororubber pad and first microporous ceramic is arranged between the upper end body and the middle end body, an anti-explosion pad is arranged between the upper end body and the upper end cover, one end of a high-temperature-resisting lead of the electrode penetrates through the upper end cover of the electrode and the anti-explosion pad to be connected with the core of the electrode, the core of the electrode is fixed in the upper end body by utilizing a positioning pad, the positioning pad and the anti-explosion pad are sealed by solid powder epoxy resin, a second fluororubber pad and a second microporous ceramic core are arranged between a lower end cover and the lower end body. The reference electrode can be used under the high-temperature and high-voltage environment, and the use effects of high-temperature resistance, high-voltage resistance, no need of maintenance and long service life are achieved.

The invention relates to a deacidification type organic silicone adhesive and a preparation method thereof. The raw materials of the deacidification type organic silicone adhesive comprise alpha, omega-dihydroxydimethylpolysiloxane, hydrotalcite, filler, a plasticizer, a crosslinking agent and a catalyst, the deacidification type organic silicone adhesive has excellent adhesion and low corrosion to adhered materials, the volatile matters of the used raw materials are few, and meanwhile the deacidification type organic silicone adhesive also has efficient, environmental-friendly, nontoxic and halogen-free flame retardant properties..

The invention relates to a high temperature resistance instantizing full degradation environment-friendly clay target and a production method thereof. The clay target is made from the following material as per parts by weight: 80-85 parts of skeletal stone dust material, 8-10 parts of compound bond, 2-3 parts of dispersant, 2-5 parts of stabilizer, 1-3 parts of demoulding powder; the water consumption is derived from the compound bond and the dispersant and equals 200-300ml of water added to each kilogram of the total weight of the materials. The clay target has the characteristics of high temperature resistance, instantizing full degradation, no overproof harmful and toxic substances, etc.

The invention discloses a large-capacity liquid aseptic packaging composite film. The large-capacity liquid aseptic packaging composite film comprises an asymmetric PE blown film layer, a double-layerstretched nylon composite layer and a symmetric PE coextruded film layer arranged in order from the inside to the outside; the asymmetric PE blown film layer comprises a heat seal film layer, an intermediate film layer and a composite film layer arranged in order from the inside to the outside; the symmetric PE coextruded film layer comprises a PE film layer, a bonding layer a nylon film layer, abonding layer and a PE film layer arranged in order from the inside to the outside; the asymmetric PE blown film layer, the double-layer stretched nylon composite layer and the symmetric PE coextruded film layer are composited through a dry composite method. The composite film has a thickness of 130 to 150 um. The invention provides an aseptic composite film for packaging large-capacity liquid, the composite film has high mechanical strength, drop resistance, pinhole resistance and the like, and can meet the requirements of high-temperature sterilization of on-line hydrogen peroxide.

The invention discloses furfural-free environment-friendly type high-seepage epoxy waterproof reinforcing paint as well as a preparation method and an application thereof. The paint comprises 40 to 75 parts of epoxy resin, 20 to 50 parts of ketone, 15 to 30 parts of furfural substitutes, 8 to 30 parts of active diluents, 1 to 5 parts of plasticizers, 2 to 8 parts of polyoxyethylene surfactants, 8 to 20 parts of polyamine, 2 to 9 parts of midbody active agents, 2 to 5 parts of silane coupling agents and 1 to 4.5 parts of promoting agents. The epoxy resin, the ketone, the furfural substitutes, the active diluents, the plasticizers and the polyoxyethylene surfactants are mixed to obtain solution A, the polyamine, the midbody active agents, the silane coupling agents and the promoting agents are mixed to obtain solution B, and the solution A and the solution B are mixed to obtain the paint. The paint has the advantages that the environment-friendly effect is realized, the toxicity is low, the operation danger is low, and the permeability and the mechanical strength are excellent. The paint is directly coated and brushed, the color is light after the curing, the attractive appearance of treatment objects is not influenced, and the paint can be used for the waterproof treatment and reinforcement of buildings.

The invention discloses a nanometer protective coating special for an aluminum non-stick pan. The nanometer protective coating is prepared from, by weight, 70-80 parts of polyamideimide, 10-20 parts of nanoscale graphene, 15-30 parts of nanometer calcium carbonate, 30-40 parts of isomeric alcohol ethoxylates, 1-5 parts of a dispersing agent and 20-50 parts of a solvent. A special technical formulais adopted, a graphene mother liquor is added, and the good effects of easy cleaning, good thermal performance, and resistance to corrosion, high temperature and chemicals can be achieved; meanwhile,through a unique coating technology, surface treatment is conducted in advance, so that the coating has good adhesive force during spray coating, through the technologies of multiple times of spray coating, drying and UV curing, the requirement for spray-coating attractiveness is met, and the appearance quality of spray-coated colored paint is improved.

The invention discloses a technology for producing a carbon fiber static smoking-control product. The technology comprises the following steps: 1) extracting protofilament; 2) pre-oxidizing; 3) charing at low temperature and stretching; 4) processing a die and special texture on the surface; and 5) withdrawing and packaging the product. Compared with the prior art, the carbon fiber finished product produced by a carbon fiber material has an adsorption function or a-micro magnetic field function through the special production technology, is used for placing the cigarettes, can change a nicotine molecules structure stored in cigarettes, reach a release effect, gradually reduce the nicotine and tar content in tobacco, and reduces dependency of a smoker to nicotine from a fountainhead. The carbon fiber finished product has the excellent performances of high specific strength, high specific modulus, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, creep resistance, electric conduction, heat transfer and small thermal expansion coefficient, and can finally reach a purpose of controlling smoking and quitting smoking.

The invention discloses a method for corrosion prevention treatment of wood. At first, the natural moisture content of the wood is tested under local climate conditions, then primary drying temperature C1 and drying time T1 required when the wood moisture content is reduced to 10%-14% and secondary drying time T2 required when the wood moisture content is reduced to 6%-8% at the temperature of 65-75 DEG C are obtained, actual primary drying and secondary drying are conducted, and primary carbonization treatment and secondary carbonization treatment are carried out after drying. The construction method is simple and quick, no environmental pollution is caused, and the wood obtained after drying and carbonization treatment has the characteristics of corrosion prevention, mothproofing and thelike.

The invention provides a track connection cable. The track connection cable consists of a mixed metal conductor (1), an insulator (2) and a protection sleeve (3), wherein the protection sleeve (3) and the insulator (2) cover the mixed metal conductor (1), so that the mixed metal conductor (1) realizes the signal transmission and power transmission of a regional automatic blocking system; the mixed metal conductor (1) is manufactured by stranding copper and steel materials; the protection sleeve (3) is a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) elastomer protection sleeve (3) or a polyurethane protection sleeve (3) and the like; the protection sleeve (3) is selected according to use conditions; and the structure of combining the insulator (2) and the protection sleeve (3) with the conductor ensures the performance of the track connection cable. The track connection cable of a high-speed line regional automatic blocking system can realize the simulation monitoring of the automatic blocking system when the speed of high-speed railway trains is 350km / h; the novel track connection cable has moisture resistance, corrosion prevention, low-temperature resistance, high-temperature resistance, wear resistance, fire resistance and the like; and the service life of the track connection cable is prolonged.

The invention discloses a high-power LED encapsulating structure, which is characterized by having a welding flux die bonding structure, wherein a welding flux is a low-temperature lead-free welding flux. The high-power LED encapsulating structure has the advantages of high heat conductivity, long service life, energy saving and environmental friendliness. By adopting the high-power LED encapsulating structure, the problems of low heat conducting efficiency, high heat resistance, poor stress resistance, high attenuation, over high cost, short service life and the like existing in the prior art can be solved.

The invention discloses a water and oil temperature sensor for an automobile and a manufacturing method thereof. The water and oil temperature sensor comprises a sensing head shell, a ceramic sensinghead, two conductive wires, a fixed nut and a sheath assembly. Two pins of a wiring end of the ceramic sensing head are respectively welded and fixed with the two conductive wires, the ceramic sensinghead and the two conductive wires are installed in the sensing head shell, and a gap exists between the ceramic sensing head and the conductive wires and the sensing head shell. The fixed nut and a tail of the sensing head shell are installed in a threaded and fastened mode, installation threads are arranged on an outer wall of a tail part of the sensing head shell, and the sheath assembly is used for isolating the two conductive wires to enable the two conductive wires to be insulated. The invention has the advantages that: an elastic buffer layer covers the periphery of the ceramic sensinghead, then the space between the ceramic sensing head covered with the elastic buffer layer and the sensing head shell is filled with a potting layer such that the periphery of the ceramic sensing head is provided with a layer of elastic protection body, the original rigid contact between the ceramic sensing head and the outside is converted into elastic contact in a high-frequency shaking environment of an automobile engine, and the ceramic sensing head is effectively protected from being damaged.

The invention discloses a villous amomum fruit processing method which particularly includes the steps: harvesting: harvesting villous amomum fruits; sorting: sorting the harvested villous amomum fruits; water removing: removing water from the sorted villous amomum fruits; cooling: cooling the water-removed villous amomum fruits; drying: drying the cooled villous amomum fruits. According to the villous amomum fruit processing method, sequentially by the aid of the steps of harvesting, sorting, water removing, cooling and drying, the villous amomum fruits with internal quality not lower than quality stipulated in Chinese pharmacopoeia (2015 version) and with stable color, fewer ballistic fruits, excellent external properties, peel clinging to seed clusters and the like can be acquired, andthe preparation method is simple, efficient and high in practicability.

The invention relates to a ceramic hard sealing valve, comprising a valve rail and a valve plate. The ceramic hard sealing valve is characterized in that the contact position between the valve rail and the valve plate is provided with a ceramic sealing ring, wherein, the valve plate comprises a main valve plate and an auxiliary valve plate; the main valve plate is parallel and the auxiliary valve plate is wedge shape; the ceramic sealing rings which are arranged at the contact position between the valve rail and the valve plate can have the quantity of 4 according to the structure of the main valve plate surface and the auxiliary valve plate surface; according to the characteristic that the hardness of the ceramic is only second to the hardness of diamond in the nature, the valve is prepared as the ceramic sealing valve, thus achieving the effects of wearability, anti-corrosion, anti-scaling, high temperature resistance and long service life; the valve is economical and practical and can ensure the continuous and normal operation of the workshops. Under working conditions, owning to the wedge-shaped structure of the auxiliary valve plate which has inclined angle, the problems such as sealing performance reduction and plate-blocking and the like of the valve are solved, and the service life of the valve plate is prolonged.

The invention discloses a benzoic acid-containing wastewater treatment method. Benzoic acid-containing wastewater is treated by a regulating pond, a filter, a decompression and reuse acid steaming system and a Fenton and coagulation system through a biochemical oxidation process and an ozone oxidation process, so that high-index pollutants, such as refractory organic compounds, inorganic salt andchroma in the wastewater are removed efficiently; finally, the COD of the treated effluent is less than or equal to 100 mg / L; the chroma of the effluent is less than or equal to 75; the pH range of the effluent is 6 to 9.

The invention relates to a dyeing technology for fiber clothes. The dyeing technology comprises the following steps: 1) pouring hot water at 80-100 DEG C into a dye vat and soaking the fiber clothes in the dye vat for 30-50min; 2) uniformly mixing dyestuff, anhydrous sodium sulphate, leveling agent, glycerol, sodium bicarbonate, cellulose, fatty acid, cosolvent and water, forming a dyeing agent, heating and stirring for 50-60min; 3) drying the fiber clothes soaked in the step 1) at 50-70 DEG C, and then soaking in the dyeing agent prepared in the step 2), repeatedly overturning the fiber clothes and soaking for 30-50min; 4) taking out the fiber clothes, putting into a vacuum environment for drying and then standing by for 2-3h under a natural environment, thereby acquiring an end product. The dyeing technology has the advantages that the technology is simple, the operation is convenient, the color fastness is high, the dyestuff fixation rate is high, the dyeing technology is nontoxic and harmless to human body and generates no special flavor, no secondary pollutant is generated in the preparation process, the production is environment-friendly and clean and the manufacturing material is low in cost and wide in source.

The invention discloses a low-temperature essence extraction device for jasmine flowers. The device comprises an essence extraction bin, chamber division plates used for dividing into a plurality of cavities are arranged in the essence extraction bin to form a gas feeding and discharging control cavity, a drying cavity, a dehumidifying cavity and a humidifying cavity, ventilators and a vortex fanare arranged in the gas feeding and discharging control cavity, the drying cavity is divided into an inner layer and an outer layer, heating rods are arranged on the sidewalls at two sides of the outer layer, and a PLC is arranged outside the essence extraction bin. The invention also discloses an essence extraction method of the low-temperature essence extraction device for jasmine flowers. The method comprises the following steps: jasmine flower pretreatment, jasmine flower drying, condensation for obtaining an essence, standing for secondary cooling, and storage of the jasmine flower essence. The problems of low extraction rate, high cost and impure fragrance of extracting and cooling modes adopted by extraction of the essence from jasmine flowers in the prior art are solved, the devicecan be used to reduce the cost of the extraction of the essence from the jasmine flowers, and the jasmine flower essence extracted by using the device can improve the extraction yield of the jasmineflowers.

The invention relates to a one-way communication assembly which comprises a one-way communication end and an opening end back on to the one-way communication end. The one-way communication end is in aflat shape, and a cavity is formed in the one-way communication assembly. An opening is formed in the position, at the opening end, of the cavity, and the one-way communication assembly is closed gradually from the opening end to the one-way communication end. A limiting assembly is arranged on the end face of the one-way communication end. It can be ensured that the one-way communication assembly has the better backflow-preventing effect. The limiting assembly is formed on the end face of the one-way communication end, thus when a fluid flows to the one-way communication end from the openingend and a normally-closed flat crack in the one-way communication end is opened through the fluid pressure, the opening size of the flat crack can be limited through the limiting assembly, and the flow passing through a valve is further limited.

The invention discloses a high temperature resistance large load fiber sensing device. The high temperature resistance large load fiber sensing device comprises a base seat and an upper cover, wherein a sleeve is formed on the base seat through one body molding, a bottom surface of the upper cover is provided with a connection column, the connection column is arranged in the sleeve, a lower end face of the connection column is provided with a blind hole, the blind hole is internally provided with a fiber bending sensing unit, the fiber bending sensing unit comprises a curve type support, two opposite sides of the curve type support are provided with multiple A-side deformation teeth and multiple B-side deformation teeth, the multiple A-side deformation teeth and the multiple B-side deformation teeth are distributed in a staggered mode, a curve type channel for penetration of a signal fiber is arranged between head portions of the multiple A side deformation teeth and the multiple B side deformation teeth, the signal fiber is connected with a test unit through a transmission fiber, a connection column is provided with a disk spring, and the sleeve is sleeved with a sleeve tube in close fitting with an inner side wall of the upper cover. The high temperature resistance large load fiber sensing device has advantages of high temperature resistance, high load impact bearing capability and long service life and is suitable for a weighing sensing system for a steel-making ladle.

The invention provides a water-based art painting non-stick coating and a coating method thereof. The coating method comprises the following steps that 1, the surface of a base material is treated; 2,a water-based non-stick priming coat is sprayed, specifically, a water-based non-stick priming coat paint is sprayed on the base material prepared in the step 1 to form the water-based non-stick priming coat, and then surface drying and cooling are carried out on the water-based non-stick priming coat; 3, a water-based art painting coating is prepared, specifically, the water-based art painting coating paint is dripped on the water-based non-sticky priming coat subjected to surface drying in a dot manner, and then the dot-shaped art painting coating paint is blown to form a pattern; the surface drying and cooling are carried out on the art painting coating; and 4, the water-based non-stick finishing coat is sprayed, specifically, a water-based non-stick finishing coat paint is sprayed onthe water-based art painting coating, and the water-based non-stick finishing coat is subjected to sintering after surface drying; the water-based art painting coating is arranged between the water-based non-stick priming coat and the water-based non-stick finishing coat; the artistry of the non-stick coating is improved; and the application range of the non-stick coating is expanded.

The invention discloses a servo rotating arm of a manipulator. The servo rotating arm comprises an aluminum plate, wherein the bottom of the aluminum plate is fixedly connected with a fixed frame; the front surface of the fixed frame is fixedly connected with a servo motor; one side of the fixed frame is fixedly connected with a speed reducer; an output shaft of the servo motor is fixedly connected with a power input end of the speed reducer; an output end of the speed reducer is fixedly connected with a rotary tube; one end of the rotary tube is fixedly connected with a connecting block; and one side of the connecting block is fixedly connected with an iron box. The invention relates to the technical field of mechanical equipment. After a product is clamped by the manipulator, any angle which is wanted by a user is achieved by virtue of rotation of the servo motor. The manipulator can achieve high temperature resistance, can be changed at any angle, and can clamp products with different sizes; and compared with previous pneumatic rotation, electric rotation is matched with a pneumatic clamping hand, so that the servo rotating arm is more suitable for the field of mechanical processing.

The embodiment of the invention discloses a mattress or cushion and a system thereof. The mattress or cushion includes a core layer and a surface layer which coats the core layer; the core layer includes a plurality of slight ventilating air guide pipes which are transversely arranged in parallel; the slight ventilating air guide pipes are composed of springs and fabrics, wherein the fabrics coatthe springs. The mattress or cushion adopts the supporting, ventilation and coldness-heat conduction properties of the springs and the moisture absorption performance and air permeability of the fabrics, and the slight ventilating air guide pipes are arranged inside the mattress or cushion, so that the mattress or cushion not only has excellent properties of air guiding, moisture absorption and air permeability but also can be externally connected with an air conditioner and gas sterilizing treating equipment such as an ozone generator and accordingly has the functions of temperature adjustment, sterilization and treatment; besides, the prepared mattress or cushion can be rolled up and accordingly is convenient to transport and store.

The invention relates to a dyeing technology for a fiber garment. The technology comprises the following steps that 1, hot water of 80-100 DEG C is poured into a dye vat, and the fiber garment is soaked in the dye vat for 30-50 min; 2, then dye, anhydrous sodium sulphate, a levelling agent, glycerol, sodium bicarbonate, cellulose, fatty acid, a cosolvent and water are evenly mixed to form a dyeingagent, and heating and stirring are conducted for 50-60 min; 3, the fiber garment soaked in the first step is dried at 50-70 DEG C and soaked in the dyeing agent prepared in the second step, and thefiber garment is repeatedly turned over and soaked for 30-50 min; 4, the fiber garment is taken out, dried in a vacuum environment and then placed in a natural environment for standing for 2-3 h so that a finished product can be contained. The dyeing technology is simple, convenient to operate, high in color fastness and dye fixation rate and free of toxicity and harm to the human body, special odor cannot be generated, secondary pollutants cannot be generated in the preparation process, environment-friendly and clean production is achieved, and the preparation materials are low in price and wide in source.

The invention relates to a device and method for decomposing a liquid chemical weapon under microwave radiation. The device comprises a gas bottle, an automatic injection device, a reactor and a microwave generation device. Carrier gas and a toxicant enter the reactor through the gas bottle and the automatic injection device respectively, the reactor comprises a top cover, a stirring rod, a discharger and a pad block, and the top cover is located on the upper portion of the reactor; the top of the stirring rod is fixedly connected with the bottom of the top cover, the discharger is composed ofa supporting base and multiple discharging metal wires, and the upper side of the supporting base is fixedly connected with one end of each discharging metal wire; the discharging metal wires are vertically placed, the base is located at the bottom of the reactor, and the discharger is located on the base; the supporting base is located on the upper surface of the base, and one end of the microwave generation device is located below the base. The discharger is located in the center of the base, and the other end of each discharging metal wire points to the center of the bottom of the stirringrod. Under the cooperation effect of microwaves and metal discharging, the toxicant is subjected to pyrolysis and oxidized, and the aim of treating toxicant liquid is achieved.