The invention relates to the field of underwater operating robots, and provides an underwater autonomous operating robot which is suitable for acoustic and optical detection of various underwater operating surfaces, and an operating method of the underwater autonomous operating robot. The underwater autonomous operating robot comprises an energy power module, a mechanical structure design module,an appearance design module, a master control module, a power propelling module and a functional module, wherein the master control module comprises a strong-current electronic control cabinet and a weak-current electronic control cabin; the power propelling module comprises at least two side thrusters, at least two vertical thrusters and at least one longitudinal main thruster; and the functionalmodule comprises a doppler velocity sonar, an imaging sonar, an optical camera integrated with an LED lamp, an optical communication MODEM, a depth and height meter, a front-end cloud deck and a rear-end cloud deck. The underwater autonomous operating robot provided by the embodiment of the invention is wider in detecting range, is more flexible in detecting way, and can realize autonomous operation.