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The present application belongs to the technical field of oil and gas exploration seismic data interpretation. The present application discloses a method and device for identifying faults based on differential cepstrum. The method performs differential cepstrum processing on seismic data of a target layer section, extracts first-order differential cepstrum coefficients of the differential cepstrum, sets a processing factor to calculate eigenvalues of a covariance matrix of the first-order coefficient data body of the differential cepstrum, and generates a high-resolution fault information data body. The differential cepstrum operation adopted by the method strengthens the weak information singularity feature, can identify small faults, and is beneficial to improving the accuracy and precision of fault identification of seismic data. The device for identifying faults based on differential cepstrum provided by the present application comprises a Fourier transform spectrum generator, a logarithmic spectrum generator, a Fourier inverse transform processor, a differential cepstrum first-order coefficient data body generator, and a fault data generator. The device realizes the method for identifying faults based on differential cepstrum.