1578results about How to "Improve diffusivity" patented technology

Biointerface membranes are provided which can be utilized with implantable devices, such as devices for the detection of analyte concentrations in a biological sample. More particularly, methods for monitoring glucose levels in a biological fluid sample using an implantable analyte detection device incorporating such membranes are provided.

A method of bonding includes using a bonding layer having a fluorinated oxide. Fluorine may be introduced into the bonding layer by exposure to a fluorine-containing solution, vapor or gas or by implantation. The bonding layer may also be formed using a method where fluorine is introduced into the layer during its formation. The surface of the bonding layer is terminated with a desired species, preferably an NH2 species. This may be accomplished by exposing the bonding layer to an NH4OH solution. High bonding strength is obtained at room temperature. The method may also include bonding two bonding layers together and creating a fluorine distribution having a peak in the vicinity of the interface between the bonding layers. One of the bonding layers may include two oxide layers formed on each other. The fluorine concentration may also have a second peak at the interface between the two oxide layers.

A gallium containing crystalline material. The material comprises a bulk semi-polar gallium indium containing crystalline material having a thickness of about 20 nanometers to about 1000 nanometers. The material includes a spatial width dimension of no greater than about 10 microns characterizing the thickness of the bulk semi-polar gallium indium containing crystalline material. The material includes a photoluminescent characteristic of the crystalline material having a first wavelength, which is at least five nanometers greater than a second wavelength, which is derived from an indium gallium containing crystalline material grown on a growth region of greater than about 15 microns.

A lithium-ion cell comprising: (A) a cathode comprising graphene as the cathode active material having a surface area to capture and store lithium thereon and wherein said graphene cathode is meso-porous having a specific surface area greater than 100 m2 / g; (B) an anode comprising an anode active material for inserting and extracting lithium, wherein the anode active material is mixed with a conductive additive and / or a resin binder to form a porous electrode structure, or coated onto a current collector in a coating or thin film form; (C) a porous separator disposed between the anode and the cathode; (D) a lithium-containing electrolyte in physical contact with the two electrodes; and (E) a lithium source disposed in at least one of the two electrodes when the cell is made. This new Li-ion cell exhibits an unprecedentedly high energy density.

The present invention provides an irradiated crosslinked polyethylene containing reduced free radicals, preferably containing substantially no residual free radical. Disclosed is a process of making irradiated crosslinked polyethylene by irradiating the polyethylene in contact with a sensitizing environment at an elevated temperature that is below the melting point, in order to reduce the concentration of residual free radicals to an undetectable level. A process of making irradiated crosslinked polyethylene composition having reduced free radical content, preferably containing substantially no residual free radicals, by mechanically deforming the polyethylene at a temperature that is below the melting point of the polyethylene, optionally in a sensitizing environment, is also disclosed herein.

A hydrogel polymer obtained by polymerizing a monomer component including acrylic acid (salt) is post-neutralized so that each of polymer particles derived from a polymer produced by neutralizing the hydrogel polymer has an allowable neutralization ratio. The polymer as obtained by neutralizing the hydrogel polymer is reacted with a crosslinking agent reactive to a functional group of the polymer. The allowable neutralization ratio, for example, is a neutralization ratio which is not lower, by not less than 20 mole percent, or more than, at least 55 mole percent, than an average neutralization ratio of a mass of the polymer particles, and the post-neutralization is carried out so that a number of polymer particles having a non-allowable neutralization ratio outside the allowable neutralization range is not more than 10 in 200 polymer particles, thus obtaining a water-absorbent agent having high absorbency under no applied pressure and high pressure wherein the amount of water soluble component is lower compared with the conventional water-absorbent agent and a change in pH of a swollen gel is small.

A method of operating a lithium-ion cell comprising (a) a cathode comprising a carbon or graphitic material having a surface area to capture and store lithium thereon; (b) an anode comprising an anode active material; (c) a porous separator disposed between the two electrodes; (d) an electrolyte in ionic contact with the two electrodes; and (e) a lithium source disposed in at least one of the two electrodes to obtain an open circuit voltage (OCV) from 0.5 volts to 2.8 volts when the cell is made; wherein the method comprises: (A) electrochemically forming the cell from the OCV to either a first lower voltage limit (LVL) or a first upper voltage limit (UVL), wherein the first LVL is no lower than 0.1 volts and the first UVL is no higher than 4.6 volts; and (B) cycling the cell between a second LVL and a second UVL.

A diamond composite heat spreader having a low thermal mismatch stress can improve reliability and cost of diamond-based heat spreaders. A diamond composite heat spreader can have a thermally conductive base and a diamond film in thermal contact with the thermally conductive base. The diamond film and the thermally conductive base can have a residual thermal mismatch stress which is less than about 75% of a residual thermal mismatch stress which would result from forming the diamond film on the thermally conductive base using a high temperature deposition process at 700° C. The diamond film can be formed on the thermally conductive base using a low temperature vapor deposition process performed at a temperature from about 10° C to less than 700° C, and typically lower than about 450° C. The diamond films further have high thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity which allow for dramatic improvements in heat transfer away from a heat source without the need for growing a thick diamond film. By providing a low temperature deposition of the diamond film, residual thermal mismatch stress can be significantly reduced, while allowing for use of well known heat spreaders such as standard copper heat spreaders and associated technologies.

Devices and methods to heat and cool human beings, including inducing and maintaining hypothermia in human patients. Methods include inducing hypothermia to treat ischemic events, including heart attack and stroke, to limit damage caused by the ischemic event. Methods can include: using the lungs for heat exchange; using cooled gases for ventilation; using helium in the ventilation gas mixture, using medications to control reflex heat production; and injecting a perfluorocarbon mist into the gas stream to increase the cooling rate. The high thermal conductivity and diffusivity of helium results in greater inspired gas temperature equalization toward body temperature. Due to the latent heat of vaporization, addition of even small quantity of phase-change perfluorocarbon dramatically increases the heat carrying capacity of the respiratory gases. Hypothermia may be terminated by discontinuing the medications and warming the patient using a warmed helium-oxygen mixture.

A method for producing a pn-junction for a semiconductor device of SiC intended to have at least one lateral zone of junction termination with a lower doping concentration of a first conductivity type than a main zone for smearing out the electrical field at said junction comprising at least the step of applying a first layer of SiC over the entire surface and on top of a second layer of SiC. A mask is applied on the first layer over a portion thereof where said main zone and an ohmic contact are to be formed. It is after that etched through the first layer to the second layer while leaving a main zone of said first layer and a contact layer thereof under said mask.

Disclosed are embodiments of a device and method of forming the device that utilize metal ion migration under controllable conditions. The device embodiments comprise two metal electrodes separated by one or more different dielectric materials. One electrode is sealed from the dielectric material, the other is not. The device is adapted to allow controlled migration of embedded metal ions from the unsealed electrode into dielectric material to form a conductive path under field between the electrodes and, thereby, to decrease the resistance of the dielectric material. Reversing the field causes the metal ions to reverse their migration, to break the conductive metallic path between the electrodes and, thereby, to increase the resistance of the dielectric material. Thus, the device can comprise a simple switch or programmable resistor. Additionally, by monitoring the resistance change, a two-state, two-terminal, silicon technology-compatible, flash memory device with a very simple tuning process can be created.

A composition suitable for topical application comprising a continuous phase and at least one discontinuous phase, said composition comprising at least one polyaphron dispersion, at least one vitamin D or vitamin D analogue and at least one corticosteroid.

A high performance liquid chromatography system employs a nebulizer with a flow restriction at the exit of its mixing chamber to produce finer droplets, and an adjustable impactor for increased control over droplet sizes. Downstream of the mixing chamber, the nebulizer can incorporate tubing that is permeable to the sample liquid, to promote aerosol drying through perevaporation. A condensation particle counter downstream of the nebulizer uses water as the working medium, and is adjustable to control threshold nucleation sizes and droplet growth rates. A particle size selector employing diffusion, electrostatic attraction or selection based on electrical mobility, is advantageously positioned between the nebulizer and the CPC.

The invention relates to a mesopore and micropore compound ZSM-5 zeolite material and mainly aims to solve the problem that the ZSM-5 zeolite material cannot contain mesopores and micropores at the same time, the problem that inactivation speed is high when the ZSM-5 zeolite material is used in the reactions such as toluene disproportionation and the like in the prior art. To solve the problems existing in the prior art, the invention adopts a technical scheme that: in the mesopore and micropore compound ZSM-5 zeolite material, the molar ratio of SiO2 to Al2O3 is 15 to 500, and the material has 0.5 to 0.6 nanometer micropores and 5 to 100 nanometer mesopores, and the pore volume of the mesopores is 1 to 10 times that of the micropores. The mesopore and micropore compound ZSM-5 zeolite material can be applied to the industrial production of conversion and treatment of aromatic hydrocarbons, such as toluene disproportionation.

A rechargeable lithium cell comprising: (a) an anode comprising a prelithiated lithium storage material or a combination of a lithium storage material and a lithium ion source; (b) a hybrid cathode active material composed of a meso-porous structure of a carbon, graphite, metal, or conductive polymer and a phthalocyanine compound, wherein the meso-porous structure is in an amount of from 1% to 99% by weight based on the total weight of the meso-porous structure and the phthalocyanine combined, and wherein the meso-porous structure has a pore with a size from 2 nm to 50 nm to accommodate phthalocyanine compound therein; and (c) an electrolyte or electrolyte / separator assembly. This secondary cell exhibits a long cycle life and the best cathode specific capacity and best cell-level specific energy of all rechargeable lithium-ion cells ever reported.

A method of bonding includes using a bonding layer having a fluorinated oxide. Fluorine may be introduced into the bonding layer by exposure to a fluorine-containing solution, vapor or gas or by implantation. The bonding layer may also be formed using a method where fluorine is introduced into the layer during its formation. The surface of the bonding layer is terminated with a desired species, preferably an NH2 species. This may be accomplished by exposing the bonding layer to an NH4OH solution. High bonding strength is obtained at room temperature. The method may also include bonding two bonding layers together and creating a fluorine distribution having a peak in the vicinity of the interface between the bonding layers. One of the bonding layers may include two oxide layers formed on each other. The fluorine concentration may also have a second peak at the interface between the two oxide layers.

A method for accelerating subcutaneous absorption of a fluid or drug into the systemic circulation of a specific targeted tissue. A first drug operative to produce local capillary vasodilatation and / or increase the rate of bulk flow of solution through the interstitial space is mixed with a fluid. The fluid may contain a crystalloid solution or a dilute solution of a pharmacologic drug required for a routine or emergency therapeutic treatment for a patient. The first drug is substantially non-toxic to the patient. The fluid mixed with the first drug is then delivered subcutaneously or into deeper tissues of the patient, by use of a hyperdermic needle or infiltration cannula. As the capillaries are dilated, the fluid is efficiently absorbed and circulated systemically.

LiFePO4 flakes for a Li-ion battery and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed. The LiFePO4 flakes of the present invention have a thickness of 5 nm-200 nm, and the angle between the flat surface normal of the flake and the Li-ion diffusion channel is 0°-80°. In addition, according to the present invention, the LiFePO4 flakes with short Li ion diffusion path can be prepared through a simple process. Hence, not only the charge-discharge efficiency of the Li-ion battery can be improved by use of the LiFePO4 flakes of the present invention, but also the cost of the Li-ion battery can be further reduced.

The invention provides devices and methods using assemblies of shaped inserts coated with diverse binder materials optionally positioned inside conformal housings. The devices are capable of immobilizing target analytes of interest (e.g., specific or groups of biomolecules) and are optionally usable as single units, linear strips or array formats. The coatings on the inserts and, optionally also on the inside walls of the housings, create variable gaps with narrow fluid paths resulting in enhanced diffusion and absorption of target analytes from transiting fluid samples while exhibiting minimal resistance to flow or back pressure commonly seen in conventional plug-type packings. The devices are intended for sample preparations requiring: filtering, enriching, separating, purifying of target analytes by selective absorption / elution as part of desalting, buffer exchange and / or enrichment applications in analyses by mass spectrometry and / or electrophoresis; purifying biomolecules; culturing cells; analytical separation processes, and general chemical, biological and / or biochemical separations in manual or automated systems.

A surface-mediated cell (SMC) comprising: (a) a cathode comprising a carbon-based cathode active material having a surface area to capture or store lithium thereon; (b) an anode comprising an anode current collector alone, or combined anode current collector and anode active material; (c) a porous separator disposed between the anode and the cathode; (d) a lithium-containing electrolyte, wherein the anode and / or cathode active material has a specific surface area no less than 100 m2 / g in direct physical contact with the electrolyte to receive lithium ions therefrom or to provide lithium ions thereto; and (e) a lithium source disposed in at least one of the two electrodes when the cell is made, and the cell has an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of at least 0.8 volts; wherein the cell operates between a lower voltage limit lower than the OCV and an upper limit of between 3.8 and 4.5 volts.

A rechargeable lithium cell comprising: (a) an anode comprising an anode active material; (b) a cathode comprising a hybrid cathode active material composed of an electrically conductive substrate and a phthalocyanine compound chemically bonded to or immobilized by the conductive substrate, wherein the phthalocyanine compound is in an amount of from 1% to 99% by weight based on the total weight of the conductive substrate and the phthalocyanine compound combined; and (c) electrolyte or a combination of electrolyte and a porous separator, wherein the separator is disposed between the anode and the cathode and the electrolyte is in ionic contact with the anode and the cathode. This secondary cell exhibits a long cycle life, the best cathode specific capacity, and best cell-level specific energy of all rechargeable lithium-ion cells ever reported.

At least one of constituent elements of a rolling bearing is formed of a metallic material which contains an alloy element having a strong affinity for nitrogen while being of low grade in terms of cost and characteristics, and has a nitriding layer formed on surfaces thereof to be hardened. Accordingly, it is possible to use such rolling bearing as a substitute for conventional rolling bearings or rolling bearings of high grade which are known as general rolling bearings.

The present invention relates, generally, to a method and apparatus for electrowinning metals, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for copper electrowinning using the ferrous / ferric anode reaction. In general, the use of a flow-through anode—coupled with an effective electrolyte circulation system—enables the efficient and cost-effective operation of a copper electrowinning system employing the ferrous / ferric anode reaction at a total cell voltage of less than about 1.5 V and at current densities of greater than about 26 Amps per square foot (about 280 A / m2), and reduces acid mist generation. Furthermore, the use of such a system permits the use of low ferrous iron concentrations and optimized electrolyte flow rates as compared to prior art systems while producing high quality, commercially saleable product (i.e., LME Grade A copper cathode or equivalent), which is advantageous.

Disclosed is an optical fiber having a silica-based core comprising an alkali metal oxide selected from the group consisting of K2O, Na2O, LiO2, Rb2O, Cs2O and mixtures thereof in an average concentration in said core between about 50 and 500 ppm by weight, said core further comprising chlorine and fluorine, wherein the average concentration of fluorine in said core is greater than the average concentration of alkali metal oxide in said core and the average concentration of chlorine in said core is greater than the average concentration of alkali metal oxide in said core; and a silica-based cladding surrounding and directly adjacent the core. By appropriately selecting the concentration of alkali metal oxide dopant in the core and the cladding, a low loss optical fiber may be obtained.

A lithium-ion cell comprising: (A) a cathode comprising graphene as the cathode active material having a surface area to capture and store lithium thereon and wherein said graphene cathode is meso-porous having a specific surface area greater than 100 m2 / g; (B) an anode comprising an anode active material for inserting and extracting lithium, wherein the anode active material is mixed with a conductive additive and / or a resin binder to form a porous electrode structure, or coated onto a current collector in a coating or thin film form; (C) a porous separator disposed between the anode and the cathode; (D) a lithium-containing electrolyte in physical contact with the two electrodes; and (E) a lithium source disposed in at least one of the two electrodes when the cell is made. This new Li-ion cell exhibits an unprecedentedly high energy density.

This invention relates to diffuse reflectors of visible light comprising a nonwoven sheet having on at least one face thereof a binder layer comprising a binder and a scatterer of visible light dispersed in the binder. These diffuse reflectors have utility in light management in optical displays such as backlit LCD displays for lap top computers and televisions.