8552 results about "Stover" patented technology

A continuous and modular process converts lignocellulosic materials for the production of ethanol principally and / or chemicals such as methanol, butanediol, propanediol, hydrocarbon fuel, etc. Renewable lignocellulosic biomass such as but not all inclusive hardwoods (gum, beech, oak, sweet gum, poplar, eucalyptus, etc.), soft woods (pines, firs, spruce, etc.), corn stovers, straws, grasses, recycled papers, waste products from pulp and paper mills, etc can be used as feedstock. The process is designed to be modular and the feed entry point can be selected to adapt to different biomass feedstock. Lignocellulosic biomass such as hardwood and softwood are subjected to chemical / pressure treatment stages using potent and selective chemicals such as sodium chlorite / acetic acid (anhydrous) and chlorine / chlorine dioxide to separate the main components—lignin, cellulose (glucose) and hemicelluloses (xylose, arabinose, galactose)—into three process streams. The separated carbohydrates are further subjected to washing, cleaning, neutralization, and / or mild hydrolysis and subsequently fermented to produce ethanol. Residual lignin and extractives remained with the cellulose are removed by chemical treatment steps to enhance the fermentations of cellulose. Pre-hydrolysate after neutralization to neutralize and remove toxic components such as acetic acid, furfural, phenolics, etc. containing (xylose, arabinose, galactose) and hexoses (glucose) can be either separately or together with the purified cellulosic fraction fermented to produce ethanol. Approximately 100 gallons of ethanol, suitable to be used as a fuel, can be produced from one dried ton of wood. Significant amount of lignin are separated as a by-product and can be converted to hydrocarbon fuel, surfactant, drilling aid, or can be incinerated for generation of power and steam.

One aspect of the invention relates to a process, comprising treating lignocellulosic biomass according to a first pretreatment protocol, thereby generating a first product mixture; separating the first product mixture into a first plurality of fractions; and treating at least one fraction of said first plurality of fractions according to a second pretreatment protocol, thereby generating a second product mixture. In one embodiment, the lignocellulosic biomass is selected from the group consisting of grass, switch grass, cord grass, rye grass, reed canary grass, miscanthus, sugar-processing residues, sugarcane bagasse, agricultural wastes, rice straw, rice hulls, barley straw, corn cobs, cereal straw, wheat straw, canola straw, oat straw, oat hulls, corn fiber, stover, soybean stover, corn stover, forestry wastes, recycled wood pulp protocol protocol fiber, paper sludge, sawdust, hardwood, softwood, and combinations thereof.

The invention provides an organic / inorganic drought resisting compound fertilizer and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following special steps of: at first, carrying out harmless treatment on raw materials of an organic fertilizer, such as livestock excrement, crop straws, kitchen garbage, fallen leaves, turf and peat, humic acid and the like, so as to obtain the organic fertilizer; then adding a macromolecule moisture retention material and an inorganic fertilizer at a certain ratio and uniformly stirring; and finally obtaining the organic / inorganic drought resisting compound fertilizer by extruding granulation. The organic / inorganic drought resisting compound fertilizer disclosed by the invention has functions of drought resistance and moisture retention, nutrient slow release and soil fertilization, so that the effects of increasing production and income of the crops are achieved. Furthermore, the organic / inorganic drought resisting compound fertilizer can effectively solve the environment pollution caused by the livestock excrement, straw burning and domestic garbage.

The invention belongs to plant nutritious soil and a preparation method thereof and particularly relates to flower nutritious soil and a preparation method thereof. The flower nutritious soil contains the components of biomass water-retaining agent, turf, sapropel, black soil, corn straw, perlite, meerschaum, deer feces, fine sand, inorganic fertilizer, and the like and is processed by the steps of raw material selection, crushing, screening, disinfection, mixing, pH regulation and the like. By adopting the method of mixing organic materials and inorganic materials, the flow nutritious soil has the advantages of reasonable and loosened structure, complete nutrients, stable property, easily obtained raw materials, easy processing and low cost. In addition, the biomass water-retaining agent contained in the flow nutritious soil is a novel, multifunctional and natural macromoleclar polymer and has a three-dimensional space reticular structure, not only can absorb water and fertilizer, but also can retain water and fertilizer, and. the water absorbing capacity of the flower nutritious soil is more than 1000 times the weight thereof, a small reservoir of water and fertilizer is formed in the soil, and the water and the fertilizer are slowly released, thereby the flow nutritious soil has the functions of saving both water and fertilizer. The invention can be used for growing seedlings and planning seedlings.

The present invention provides an apparatus and a method for conversion of cellulosic material, such as chopped straw and corn stover, and household waste, to ethanol and other products. The cellulosic material is subjected to continuous hydrothermal pre-treatment without addition of chemicals, and a liquid and a fibre fraction are produced. The fibre fraction is subjected to enzymatic liquefaction and saccharification. The method of the present invention comprises:performing the hydrothermal pre-treatment by subjecting the cellulosic material to at least one soaking operation, and conveying the cellulosic material through at least one pressurised reactor, and subjecting the cellulosic material to at least one pressing operation, creating a fibre fraction and a liquid fraction;selecting the temperature and residence time for the hydrothermal pretreatment, so that the fibrous structure of the feedstock is maintained and at least 80% of the lignin is maintained in the fibre fraction.

The invention provides an organic fertilizer with livestock and poultry manure and a preparation method thereof. The organic fertilizer comprises cow manure, edible mushroom dregs, pig manure, chicken manure, maize straw powder and an Em (effective microorganisms) stock solution. The specific formula of the organic fertilizer comprises 19.7 percent of edible mushroom dregs, 10 percent of pig manure, 10 percent of chicken manure, 20 percent of maize straw powder, 0.3 percent of Em stock solution, and the balance of cow manure. The preparation method of the organic fertilizer is characterized in that a production technology of the organic fertilizer with the livestock and poultry manure mainly adopts a shallow pool type fermentation technology, namely the cow manure, the pig manure, the chicken manure, the edible mushroom dregs, the maize straw powder and the Em stock solution are poured into a mixer in proportion and are evenly mixed and stirred, the evenly mixed and stirred materials are sent into a shallow layer pool type fermentation pool, and the organic fertilizer fermentation environment temperature is controlled to be above 15 DEG C. Firstly, various raw materials including the livestock and poultry manure, the edible mushroom dregs, the straw powder and a fermentation bactericide are mixed, and then the mixed materials are put into a mixing and stirring machine to be evenly stirred, are sent into the material fermentation pool to be fermented for 8 days and are discharged from the pool to enter a secondary aerobic fermentation procedure. The organic fertilizer has the advantages of low cost and high yield and can improve the quality of crops.

This row unit utilizes an improved multi-zone, multi-functional stalk roll, which contains a novel revolving entry window to improve entry and increase engagement of the fluted portion of the stalk roll flutes with the corn stalk. The stalk rolls described are multi-sectional and contain multi-length variable flutes. The number of flutes described for each zone may vary as well as whether the flutes are meshing or non-meshing and angled or non-angled. The stalk rolls described allow a constant speed drive shaft to create lower and / or higher effective circumferential contact speeds within each zone of the stalk roll. The invention provides that the rotating transport vanes located on the helical nose cone at the entry area to the stalk roll flutes lock the corn stalk into a revolving entry window. This novel row unit contains a multi-zone, multi-functional stripper plate that ensures minimal ear wedging and maximum discharge of material other than ears. This row unit utilizes a novel gathering / conveying chain(s), which reduces the number of and increases the angle and size of the paddles. This row unit design optimizes operation between the components imparting force to the corn plant and ears. The invention has a smooth uninterrupted improved flow of corn stalk material through the ear separation chamber and is the first row unit designed to be environmentally friendly by ensuring that the majority of the corn plant remains connected to its original root system which prevents it from rapidly decomposing, blowing or washing away. The row unit cover is spatially designed for improved flow in down, damp and tough harvesting conditions.

A composite microbial preparation is prepared from hay bacillus (35-45%) lichen bacillus (25-35%) and thermofat bacillus (25-35%) through inclulating, culturing, proportional mixing, and culturing again. A microbial leaven is prepared from said composite microbial preparation through adsorption, press filter, breaking and baking. A microbial fertilizer is prepared from said composite microbial preparation, mud, peet, dung and dropping of chicken and livestock, distiller's grain, powered coal ash, straw or stalk, and city refuse through fermenting.

The invention relates to a charcoal-based organic fertilizer and a preparation method thereof. The charcoal-based organic fertilizer has the advantages of low cost, environment friendliness, good fertilizer efficiency, wide application range, high fertilizer efficiency utilization rate and pest prevention. The preparation method comprises the steps as follows: adding starter cultures to chicken manure and soybean meal respectively for fermentation, after drying, crushing and mixing crop-residue-derived carbon, the treated chicken manure and soybean meal with ground phosphate rock, adding wood vinegar to the mixture with stirring, performing granulation, and obtaining the charcoal-based organic fertilizer after cooling and drying.

The invention discloses a method for cultivating wood-rotting fungi. The raw materials for cultivating the wood-rotting fungi comprise the following components of: 45-55 parts of cotton stalk crumb, 8-20 parts of fine sawdust, 8-20 parts of corncob, 5-20 parts of bran coat, 4-7 parts of bean dregs, 5-11 parts of pure chicken manure, 0.5-1.5 parts of phosphate fertilizer, 0.5-1.5 parts of plaster, 1-5 parts of lime and 8-20 parts of cotton seed hull. The raw materials in weigh ratio are cultivated to generate the wood-rotting fungi according to the steps of adding water in the raw materials and uniformly stirring, building pile and fermenting, producing an inoculation bacterial bag and generating mushroom. According to the method disclosed by the invention, the consumption of the cotton seed hull is reduced; and cotton straws are used to replace the cotton seed hulls and are simultaneously matched with the fine sawdust and the corncob to produce a cultivation raw material of the wood-rotting fungi. The method has the characteristics of ensuring quick material consumption by hypha during fingi fermentation, robust growth and white and density, compact produced fruiting body and rounding mushroom shape. According to the method, the labor and time are saved, the cost is reduced and the yield is increased.

The invention discloses a method for preparing charcoal activated carbon flammable gas biological oil by utilizing crop straws. In the method, a co-production process technique integrated with comprehensive processing of multiple varieties is adopted. The method comprises the following steps: smashing the collected crop straws by a smash machine so as to form straw powder with the particle size of 8-30 meshes; pressing and forming the straw powder material for pyrolysis; and in the process of pyrolysis, preparing straw charcoal and activated carbon on one production line through carbonization and activation processes, and simultaneously, recovering flammable gas and extracting biological oil. By using the method, fixed investment is greatly reduced, economic and social benefits are effectively increased, the problems of stack and incineration of the straws are solved, waste straw resources are further developed and utilized, and the blank in the same industry in China is filled.

The invention discloses a method for producing a biocarbon-based slow-release nitrogen fertilizer, which is characterized by comprising the following steps: thermal cracking or gasifying corn straw, or apple tree waste branch, trunk and wood chip to obtain the biocarbon; mixing the biocarbon and an ammonium nitrate solution, or urea and the ammonium nitrate solution, fully stirring and drying, or adding a binder with 1-3% of total amount and sending to a granulation system for granulation, then drying to obtain the biocarbon-based slow-release nitrogen fertilizer product. The fertilizer has the advantages of simple and easy preparation technology, and low cost. The biocarbon-based slow-release nitrogen fertilizer contains 10-12% of nitrogen, the biocarbon carrier material is stable in soil, and is a good soil amendment and a carbon sequestration agent, soil is applied for improving soil fertilization, the nitrogen element of the nitrogenous fertilizer loaded by the biocarbon has slow-release effect, so that the loss of the nitrogen element can be reduced, the nitrogenous fertilizer utilization rate can be enhanced; the biocarbon can retain in soil for long-term to play the effects of carbon sequestration and carbon emission reduction, the biocarbon is helpful for alleviating climate warming, and biocarbon-based slow-release nitrogen fertilizer is a green fertilizer.

A fuel which is used for rotary kiln cement clinker firing is composed of raw materials with the following weight percentage: coal 3-80, straw substances 0-90, forest products wastes 0-95 and food industry by-product residues 0-70. The straw substances refer to rice straws, wheat straws, cotton stalks, sesame stalks, soybean straws, corn stalks, sorghum stalks, rice husks, peanut shells, soybean shells and corn sticks, the forest products wastes refer to defective bamboo, wood, tree branches, leaves, shrubs, faggot straws and sawdust and wood wool corner scrap materials in the bamboo and wood-processing industry, the food industry by-product residues refer to bran, wheat skin, squeezing meal cake, bean dregs and wine lees, and the coal refers to bituminite, anthracite and coke coal powder. The flue raw materials which are used for the rotary kiln cement clinker firing have wide selecting range, simple preparation, convenient use and rapid burning speed and are beneficial for protecting atmosphere circumstances.

The invention discloses a culture base material for cultivating shiitake by using chrysanthemum straws. Chrysanthemum straw chips which are subjected to fermentation treatment are taken as a raw material, and auxiliary materials which have the effect of adjusting nutrition balance are added. The culture base material comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 77 percent of chrysanthemum straw chips, 15 percent of wheat bran, 5 percent of corn meal and 3 percent of bean cake. The chrysanthemum straw chips are treated by a fermentation treatment method and can be taken as a raw material of a culture medium when snowflake-shaped substances overgrow on the chrysanthemum straw chips. The pH value of the culture base material is kept at 6.5+ / -0.1. The invention also discloses a method for cultivating the shiitake by using the culture base material for cultivating the shiitake by using the chrysanthemum straws. The method comprises the steps of mixing materials, bagging, sterilizing, inoculating, growing mycelia, culturing, performing shiitake fruiting management, harvesting and the like. The problems about the improvement of the nutrient of the culture base material by treating the chrysanthemum straws, high-yield cultivation and management are solved.

The invention discloses a tangential-longitudinal axial type grain combine harvesting and bundling duplex operation machine which comprises a grain cutting and conveying system, a seed threshing and separating system, a seed cleaning device, a seed collecting and storing system, a straw compressing and bundling device, a chassis walking system and a driving operation system. When the duplex operation machine harvests grain in the field, firstly, the grain cutting and conveying system cuts stalks of grain and conveys the grain to the seed threshing and separating system, straws where seed threshing and separating are conducted are compressed and bundled through the straw compressing and bundling device, seeds obtained through threshing are cleaned through the seed cleaning device, and seeds obtained through cleaning are conveyed to a grain tank through the seed collecting and storing system. The duplex operation machine can meet the requirements for harvesting seeds of rice and wheat and compressing and bundling threshed straws, and has the advantages of being high in work efficiency, stable in work performance, simple in work procedure and capable of saving time and labor.

A pulping process comprises using a high concentration of anthraquinone (AQ). The pulping process is capable of providing a pulp having low Kappa number with unexpectedly high strength. The pulping process can use wood or non-wood fibers (e.g., bagasse and corn stover) to provide pulp having good papermaking quality. The method for pulping a fiber comprising cooking a first mixture comprising the fibers, water, an alkali, and a delignification selectivity enhancing chemical for a cooking time and at a cooking condition sufficient to form a first pulp having a desired Kappa number of about 15 or less, and strength parameters that are sufficient for papermaking, where the starting material prior to cooking has a Kappa number of 60 or greater.

The invention discloses a method for raising earthworm by taking advantage of dairy manure and straws and stalks of crop, which applies fresh dairy manure and straws and stalks of crop to raise earthworm. The invention adopts fresh dairy manure and straws and stalks of crop as raw materials, which can not only solve the treatment problem of dairy manure in large-scale cattle farms and reduce environment pollution, but also obtain earthworm with high economic value as well as odourless, clean and natural organic manure with high quality, thus realizing the regeneration and utilization of dairy manure, reducing treatment cost for dairy manure on cattle farms, and greatly improving economic benefits of enterprises.

The invention discloses an environment-friendly light porous simulated soil cultivation medium body and a preparation method thereof. The cultivation medium body is of a continuous integrated porous simulated soil sponge structure and is prepared from 1-10 parts by weight of polyurethane binding body, 1-50 parts by weight of filler, 0.01-50 parts by weight of auxiliary material and 0-5 parts by weight of embedded functional matter. The filler is at least one of organic filler, inorganic filler and organic and inorganic composite filler. The auxiliary material is a mixture of at least two of a surface active agent, a catalyst, a chain extender, a fire retardant and a foaming agent. The embedded functional matter is at least one of plant seeds, a rooting agent, a soil sanitizer, a straw fermenting agent, potash fertilizer, phosphatic fertilizer, nitrogenous fertilizer and compound fertilizer. The prepared simulated soil cultivation medium body is low in weight, high in aperture ratio, good in hydrophilia and water retention performance and excellent in mechanical property, and can be applied to the fields of vertical greening, roof greening, urban landscaping, indoor greening, intelligent greening, slope restoration, gardens and horticulture, ecological remediation, ecological management, soilless culture and the like.

The invention discloses a microbial fertilizer producing by using agricultural wastes and preparation thereof. Main materials are obtained by mixing and smashing 20%-40% oil sally bean dregs, 40%-60% crop straw and 15%-25% poultry excrement, moisture content achieves 60-65%, composite leaven is added according to 150g-200g / T to pile to be cone-shaped, yellow mud is used on the outside for sealing, a plastic film is used for covering in a sealing mode, after stacking, fermentation and digesting, and the composite leaven is composed of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, trichoderma harzianum and trichoderma viride according to the mass ratio (W / W) of 1.5:1:1:2.5:4. Auxiliary materials made of 5%-10% mushroom dregs and 6%-10% rice husk ash are evenly mixed with fermented and prepared main materials, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi agent are added according to 600-1000g / T for compounding, and the microbial fertilizer is prepared after passing a 3mm sieve. Good production and efficiency improvement is obtained through application, and the microbial fertilizer has good application value.

The present invention relates to multi-functional biomass carbon fertilizer produced by using biomass carbon from straws and kitchen waste, and belongs to the technical field of organic and inorganic compound fertilizer. The fertilizer mainly comprises the following components, by weight, 15-30% of biomass carbon, 25-35% of nitrogen fertilizer, 15-25% of phosphorus fertilizer, 15-25% of potassium fertilizer and 2-4% of clay, wherein the total nutrient weight percentage of the prepared fertilizer is 35-42%, the organic matter content is 15-20%. The preparation method comprises the following steps: crushing the biomass carbon; screening the crushed biomass carbon by using a 1 mm sieve; uniformly mixing the screened biomass carbon, the nitrogen fertilizer, the phosphorus fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer; then mixing the clay to the resulting mixture; carrying out pelletizing by a steam drum, drying and screening to prepare uniform particles with the particle sizes of 2-3 mm. According to the present invention, the resource utilization of the waste can be effectively realized; the discharge of nitrous oxide of the soil can be significantly reduced; the fixed carbon content in the soil can be improved; the soil bulk density can be regulated; the nitrogen utilization efficiency of the crop can be increased; the yield and the quality of the crop can be substantially improved.

The invention discloses a fruit tree special-purpose fertilizer which is prepared from the raw materials of, by weight: 300-340 parts of live stock and poultry manure, 200-230 parts of soybean stalk, 100-120 parts of bagasse, 100-120 parts of air-dried sludge, 50-55 parts of beer grains, 30-35 parts of ox blood powder, 20-24 parts of cooked soybean, 60-65 parts of rock phosphate powder, 14-18 parts of bamboo charcoal, 10-12 parts of maifanite powder, 12-15 parts of zeolite powder, 30-35 parts of urea, 50-55 parts of mono-ammonium phosphate, 20-23 parts of ammonium sulfate, 6-9 parts of an EM inoculant, 10-15 parts of a soil conditioner, and proper amount of water. According to the fruit tree special-purpose fertilizer, wastes such as live stock and poultry manure, soybean stalk, bagasse, air-dried sludge, and the like are adopted as main raw materials, such that resource is saved, and problems such as environment pollution are solved. The raw materials are convenient to obtain, and are cheap, such that good environmental and economic benefits are provided. The fertilizer provided by the invention has the advantages that: with the fertilizer, beneficial microbe number and activity are improved, soil physiochemical traits are improved, soil nutrients are increased and balanced, and pesticide and chemical fertilizer residue and other harmful substances in soil can be degraded.

The invention relates to a decomposition maturing agent for degrading straw. The agent comprises active ingredients, such as candida tropicalis, aspergillus oryzae, trichoderma viride and bacillus subtilis. The decomposition maturing agent can rapidly decompose wheat straw, rice straw, grain straw, sweet potato stems, broad bean stems, rape stalks, weeds, leaves and household garbage of which the fibrous matter content is high so as to prepare an organic fertilizer. The decomposition maturing agent has the advantages of short degradation time and capability of effectively killing diseases and pests and providing nutrients for crops.

A process for puffing the culture medium of edible fungus, which is prepared from the twigs or the straw or stalk of agricultural crops includes such steps as pulverizing, proportionally mixing it with organic and inorganic auxiliaries, puffing and baking.

The invention relates to a rice seedling raising matrix and a production method thereof, and belongs to a seedling raising matrix and a production method thereof. The matrix is prepared by the following formula and method that: the formula comprises 50 to 70 percent of crushed corn stalk of 40 to 60 meshes, 10 to 30 percent of crushed rice straw of 40 to 60 meshes, 5 to 15 percent of farmyard manure of 40 to 60 meshes and 5 to 15 percent of industrial slag powder of 40 to 60 meshes; and the method comprises material preparation, raw material crushing, fermentation, mixing, drying and stirring. The method for producing the seedling raising matrix by using the raw materials such as straws, farmyard manure, slag and the like thoroughly solves the problems of vegetation destroy caused by taking soil for raising seedlings and difficult soil taking, reduces the production processes of taking soil, sieving soil, regulating acid, stirring fertilizers, stirring drugs and the like, and lightens the labor intensity of rice farmers. The method can be applied in rice seedling raising and vegetable and flower seedling raising production, and is a new effective path for making full use of straw resources and realizing energy conservation, emission reduction and agricultural circular economy.

A method for culturing the Se-enriched edible fungus includes such steps as preparing culture medium from corn cob, straw powder, rice (or wheat) bran, gypsum, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, Se salt and water, loading it in bogs, sealing, sterilizing, inoculating edible fungus spawn, fermenting, culturing mycelia, and spraying Se-enriched nutritive liquid. A method for producing Se-enriched milk by use of the leftover generated by culturing Se-enriched edible fungus features that the leftover is used as the additive of feed for quantitatively feeding the milk cow.

The invention provides a crop straw medium density fiberboard by natural gum. Raw materials of the medium density fiberboard comprise crop straw fiber, a bonding agent, a waterproof and lubricating agent and a flame retardant, wherein the bonding agent is natural gum and comprises plant gum and animal gum; the waterproof and lubricating agent is natural wax, stearic acid or stearate; and the flame retardant is non-toxic and harmless flame retardant. The mixture ratio for all the raw materials by weight percent is: 75 to 93 percent of the crop straw fiber, 1 to 8 percent of the bonding agent (dried), 0.5 to 8 percent of the waterproof and lubricating agent, and 5.5 to 23.5 percent of the flame retardant. All the raw materials are produced into a finished product through mixing, sizing, spreading, prepressing, hot pressing and edge cutting; and microwave is used for auxiliary heating in the hot pressing phase. The crop straw medium density fiberboard by the natural gum can realize complete degradation under natural condition after the medium density fiberboard is abandoned or destroyed without any nonreversible destruction to the environment, so the production and application of the crop straw medium density fiberboard realize complete sustainability and recyclability, and have significant realistic and historic significance.

The invention relates to a biomass slurry atomization thermal cracking process which comprises the following steps of stirring, mixing, gasifying, gas-solid separating, condensing and oil gathering. Adevice of the invention comprises a screw pump, an on-line grinder, a I-stage on-line filter, a slurry biomass storage tank, a slurry supply pump, a II-stage one-line filter, an atomization spray gun, a thermal cracking reactor, a cyclone separating device, a gas-gas thermal exchanger, a steam-water thermal exchanger and an oil gathering device which are sequentially connected with the output endof a stirring machine through pipes. Biomass comprises crop straws, other plant straws, branches and wooden meals. Because of adopting the slurry atomization reactor, the invention has the advantagesthat the slurry biomass atomization effect is good, the temperature field is stable, the slurry atomization realizes the uniform mixing of gas and material for ensuring the fully thermal cracking, the thermal cracking effect and the utilization ratio of the material are improved, the structure of the device is compact, the investment cost is low, the process adopts the continuous circulating operation, the production efficiency is high and the oil yield is large.

The invention discloses fermenting bed bioactive padding and preparation and application methods thereof. The fermenting bed bioactive padding is made from, by weight percent, 20%-50% of sawdust, 20%-50% of rice hull, 20%-30% of crop straw, 2%-3% of accessories, and 0.1%-0.3% of fermenting agent. The fermenting bed bioactive padding has the main function of effectively degrading pen manure to improve pollution of rural environment in pig industry. The powerfully functional beneficial microorganisms in the fermenting bed padding are capable of absorbing, degrading and digesting excrement of pigs during breeding, so that pig manure is degraded in situ in a fermenting bed and area source pollution of the rural environment in the pig industry is eliminated.

A process for producing a pretreated feedstock is provided. The feedstock is selected from grasses, cereal straws, stover, and combinations thereof, and least about 80% of the feedstock has a particle length of between about 2 cm and about 40 cm. This process comprises wetting the feedstock in liquid, pressing the wet feedstock through one roll press or a series of roll presses to remove at least a portion of water and soluble substances from the wetted feedstock and to shear the feedstock to produce feedstock particles of a size suitable for pumping at a solids concentration of about 8% to about 20% when slurried. At least one roll press, or at least one roll press in the series of roll presses comprises rolls with circumferential v-shaped grooves. The pressed feedstock particles are slurried to produce a slurried feedstock having a consistency of between about 8% and about 20%, and the slurried feedstock pumped into a pretreatment reactor. Dilute acid pretreatment of the slurried feedstock is carried out at a temperature of 160° C. to 280° C.

The invention discloses a spatial soilless vegetable planting method. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps: a. selecting two or more raw substrate materials such as biogas residue, furnace slag, grass carbon, decomposed fermentative crushed crop straw, decomposed fermentative crushed wood shavings, decomposed fermentative sawdust, decomposed fermentative lees and decomposed fermentative spent mushroom, and mixing the selected raw substrate materials to prepare a culture substrate; b. erecting a spatial cultivation groove in the existing facility space; c. installing a drip irrigation system, d. planting vegetable crops on a suitable upper layer and a suitable lower layer of the cultivation groove; and e. cultivation management. In the method, the vegetable cultivation is realized by carrying the culture substrate in a certain frame groove to artificially make an 'artificial land' in the limited facility space, the soilless vegetable cultivation is convenient as land cultivation and needs no nutrient solution, and the organic substrate and solid fertilizers provide nutrients necessary for growth and development of the vegetables, which can be accepted by vegetable growers, can improve utilization ratio of the facility by 50-200%, reduce cost by 30-60% and increase yield by 50-100%.