The invention belongs to the technical field of bionic macromolecular composite materials, and relates to a preparation method and an application of a skeleton-imitating macromolecular composite material for a dummy. The composite material is prepared by the steps: firstly, treating an inorganic filler with an industrial coupling agent; secondly, fully and uniformly mixing thermosetting resin, theinorganic filler, a cross-linking agent and the like, carrying out pouring low-temperature pre-curing, and then carrying out heating curing; or fully and uniformly mixing thermoplastic resin, the inorganic filler and the like, and carrying out high-temperature casting molding. The macromolecular composite artificial bone material with similar mechanical properties of skeleton at different parts of a human body can be prepared by changing the types, weight fractions and the like of the raw materials. In a three-point bending mechanical test, the bending strength of the composite material is 30-160 MPa, and the bending modulus of the composite material is 5-18 GPa. The prepared macromolecular composite artificial bone material is a bionic material having the mechanical properties highly similar to those of human skeletons at different parts, and can meet the application requirements of developing the dummy with the test requirements of simulating collision, penetration and the like.