The invention belongs to the related technical field of energy conservation and emission reduction of engines, and discloses an experimental device for fuel combustion and soot generation characteristics under microwave radiation. The experimental device comprises a high-voltage power supply, a signal generator, a magnetron, a tuner, a combustion chamber, an axial flow combustor and a capillary tube, the magnetron is used for generating microwaves, and the tuner is used for adjusting impedance in a circuit; the combustion chamber is a closed metal cavity; the axial flow combustor is used for generating axial flame in the combustion chamber; the capillary tube is arranged in the flame, small holes are formed in the capillary tube, substances in the flame at the position of the capillary tube are sucked into the small holes under the action of negative pressure and then enter a gas analyzer, components of the substances in the flame are obtained under the analysis of the analyzer, the position of the capillary tube in the flame is adjusted, the analysis of combustion products at different positions is achieved, and the comprehensive detection of the combustion products is achieved. By means of the device, the detection of the intermediate product in the combustion process is achieved, and the device is easy to operate, capable of saving energy, environmentally friendly, safe andreliable.