The invention discloses a fiber grating digital demodulation method and system based on the autocorrelation principle. The invention solves the problems of present fiber grating sensor system demodulation technology of low measuring precision, poor real-time performance, insufficient reuse ability, high price, unsatisfied engineering practical needs, etc. The invention has the advantages of high measuring precision, fast scanning speed, good real-time performance, strong reuse ability, high performance-price ratio, strong utility, etc. The structure of the invention includes a light source and at least a fiber grating sensor. Through a coupling device, the light source is connected with the fiber grating sensors which are successively linked in series. At the same time, the coupling device also can be connected with a tunable filter, which is linked with a photoelectric detector. The photoelectric detector is successively connected with a preamplifier and a digital-analog converter. The digital-analog converter is connected with the input terminal of a digital controller. The output terminal of the digital controller is connected with the controlling input terminal of the tunable filter via an electromechanical controller and an electromechanical modulation system in turn.