The invention relates to a rolling construction monitoring system and a rolling construction monitoring method. Construction sections are divided in a construction area according to a design requirement, at least one construction section is set according to the design requirement, at least one construction roller is configured in each construction section, an RTK base station and a construction data processing mechanism are arranged in the construction area, a vehicle GPS mobile station is arranged on each construction roller, the RTK base station, the vehicle GPS mobile station and a GNSS satellite form a positioning system, and the rolling construction monitoring system is formed by the positioning system, the construction rollers, vehicle displays, vehicle controllers, the construction data processing mechanism, operation monitoring clients, and rolling degree detectors. According to the system and the method, the structure is simple, the design is scientific, the usage is convenient, the cost is low, the grasp is easy, monitoring data is accurate, the transmission is fast, the usage of equipment is long and durable, continuous, real-time and accurate rolling construction monitoring and rolling degree detection can be performed, and comprehensive control of the rolling process and the rolling quality is achieved.