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The invention relates to the technical field of MOS semiconductors, and discloses a heterogeneous integration-based adaptive sensing, storage and calculation integrated chip and a preparation method thereof, the heterogeneous integration-based adaptive sensing, storage and calculation integrated chip comprises an IGCdO transistor and a TaOx memristor, the IGCdO transistor comprises a substrate, a hafnium aluminum oxide layer, a grid electrode, a source metal layer, drain electrode metal, an indium gallium cadmium oxide layer and a color-changing film; the grid electrode is in direct contact with the substrate, and the grid electrode is located under the indium gallium cadmium oxide layer; and the color-changing film covers the surface of the indium gallium cadmium oxide layer. According to the invention, by integrating the color-changing film with light adaptive capability, the wide bandgap oxide semiconductor phototransistor and the threshold switch memristor in a single chip, on-chip closed-loop processing of illumination perception, signal conversion and pulse coding is realized; physical separation and data migration among the sensing unit, the storage unit and the computing unit in a traditional visual system are eliminated, so that real sensing, storage and computing integrated collaboration is achieved on the device level, and system power consumption and processing delay are greatly reduced.