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This invention discloses a method for preparing and applying environmentally functional materials rich in persistent free radicals. The preparation method includes: mechanically crushing and sieving agricultural waste, washing it with deionized water, and drying it to constant weight; mixing the obtained agricultural waste powder with alkali at a specific mass ratio, adding deionized water, stirring uniformly at room temperature to promote a complete reaction, and then transferring the mixture to a crucible for drying; and pyrolyzing the precursor in a tube furnace under a nitrogen atmosphere to finally obtain biochar material with a high content of persistent free radicals. This invention utilizes a three-step method of "raw material pretreatment - alkali modification - controlled-temperature pyrolysis" to efficiently transform widely available and low-cost agricultural waste into structurally stable and high-performance environmentally functional materials. The process is simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly, showing good practicality and promising prospects for widespread application.