The invention relates to a current change rate-based coal mine power grid short-circuiting fault quick judging device and method. The method includes the following four stages of judgment calculation: stage 1, current first-order derivative calculation; stage 2, current first-order derivative zero point crossing judgment; stage 3, current first-order derivative judgment; and stage 4, current second-order derivative calculation and judgment. The method specifically includes the following steps that: the current change rate of a coal mine power grid line is calculated uninterruptedly; whether a first-order derivative crosses a zero point is judged, if the first-order derivative crosses the zero point, the method enters the stage 4, current second-order calculation is started; if the first-order derivative does not cross the zero point, the method enters the stage 3, the first-order derivative is compared with a previous current change rate calculation result, if the current first-order derivative exceeds a set change range, it is judged that a short-circuiting fault occurs, otherwise, the method enters the stage 1, first-order derivative calculation is further executed; and a current second-order derivative is calculated, and is compared with a previous current change second-order derivative, if the current second-order derivative exceeds a set range, it is judged that a short-circuiting fault occurs, and corresponding operation is carried out, otherwise, the method returns to the stage 1. The current change rate-based coal mine power grid short-circuit fault quick judging device and method provided by the invention can quickly and accurately find faults at the moment when short-circuiting occurs.