The invention discloses a method for establishing a lean coal quality evaluation model. The method includes the following steps that firstly, P is set as a lean coal quality evaluation index, wherein P = Pj + 10 * [K1 (M-Mj) + K2 * (N-Nj)], M, N, Mj and Nj represent a coarse grain mosaic structure proportion of lean coal to be evaluated, the sum of fiber and sheet structure proportions of the lean coal to be evaluated, a coarse grain mosaic structure proportion of reference lean coal, and the sum of fiber and sheet structure proportions of the reference lean coal respectively, K1 and K2 are constants, the relation between K1, K2 and strength CSR after thermal reaction of the lean coal and coke is represented by the following relational expression: CSR= K+ K1 * M + K2 * N, and K is a constant; secondly, the numerical values of M, N and CSR of three different groups of the lean coal are substituted into the second formula in the first step, and then K, K1 and K2 are obtained; the numerical values of K1, K2, Mj, Nj, M and N are substituted into the first formula, P is obtained, and the larger P is, the better the lean coal quality is. The degree of the quality of lean coal from different sources can be determined, the lean coal from different sources can be reasonably distributed and utilized by coke making enterprises, the quality of the coke is stably improved, and the fluctuation range of thermal performance is reduced.