The invention discloses a bacteria and algae composite biological membrane sewage treatment device, and relates to the technical field of water treatment. The device comprises a treatment box, an airpump and a water pump, the air pump is communicated with an external air source, the water pump is communicated with an external sewage source, a sealing cover plate is hermetically connected at the top of the treatment box, an aeration ring pipe is fixedly mounted in a net box, a connecting air nozzle extends out of the net box and is communicated at the bottom of the aeration ring pipe, and a plurality of fluorescent lamps are electrically connected with a solar panel and uniformly arranged on one side, close to the treatment box, of a lamp frame. An aeration component in the device and thetreatment box can be rapidly disassembled and assembled, cleaning and maintaining convenience is greatly improved, light emitted by a fluorescent lamp provides illumination for the respiratory actionof bacterium and algae organisms, rapid growth and metabolism of the bacterium and algae organisms is facilitated, sewage purification is accelerated, air flow generated by aeration is dispersed and buffered by the net box, high air flow impact is avoided, sewage is sufficiently purified by bacteria and algae on a biological membrane, and sewage treatment efficiency is effectively improved.