The invention relates to a method and a device of whole course uniformly-accelerated mechanical traction high-speed take-off of a shipboard aircraft and aims at solving the problems that in the prior art, auxiliary take-off power is little, take-off speed is slow, and cost is high. A high-power winch is utilized for traction of take-off of the shipboard aircraft. The high-power improved winch arranged at the head of a ship drags, in the forward direction, the shipboard aircraft to take off. A low-power universal winch arranged at the tail portion of the ship drags, in a reverse direction, a hook system or a reciprocating car mactched with the shipboard aircraft to restore to an original position. The high-power improved winch is improved in the following way: some gears of a speed reducing box are eliminated, the rotating speed of a roller is increased, and the roller is changed into a roller with a larger diameter. According to the device, the high-power winch is arranged under a deck and drags the hook system or the reciprocating car through steel wire ropes, and then the hook system or the reciprocating car drives the shipboard aircraft. Due to adoption of the high-power independent-power winch, high-speed take-off of any heavy-type and large-scale airplane full of oil, bombs or various materials is ensured, the take-off is high in quality, low in cost, safe, free of pollution, free of interference, and onboard fuel is saved. The device has the advantages of low cost, little investment, high energy utilization rate, little mechanical equipment, and the like, and is far better than an electromagnetic catapult and a steam catapult.